Prison Healthcare Essay

In researching healthcare in the prison system there seemed to be a definite difference in the type of regulated health care being given or even offered to prisoners. Prisons have state and federal laws that they must abide by in delivering health care services to their inmates. Therefore this paper will discuss the Federal Bureau of Prisons which came about in 1930 and was put together to deliver compassionate and open-minded care for Federal prisoners. In addition, the BOP (Federal Bureau of Prisoners) was implemented to change the prison health care services to be able to offer a more professional type of care. The government agency being discussed in this paper is known as the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The BOP’s head office is located in Washington D.C. and is part of the U.S. Justice Department. The Federal Bureau of Prisons is held accountable for the operation and administration of the federal prison organization. The main reasoning behind the BOP is to deliver a neutr al and sympathetic type of treatment for federal inmates in the United States penitentiary system. The BOP also provides inmates with any health care they may need in agreement with any Federal and State laws. The BOP is in charge of the protection and upkeep of roughly 200,000 centralized prisoners and is accountable for setting the standard for federal prisons dispersed through the U.S. The BOP starts out by deciding where a prisoner should be placed such as; what facility? The next thing BOP would then assess is the level of security needed for the prisoner and what type of counseling he or she may need while serving their time in prison? In addition to counseling services the prisoner will be assessed for any mental health issues at this time as well. After many of these types of questions are answered concerning the inmate the BOP will then assess what type of health care services the prisoner is in need of and too what degree they are needed. An example of this could be if a p risoner is in need of some type of Prison Health Care Agency 3 immediate surgery, then he or she would be put at the top priority level for care needed. These types of questions are quickly reviewed along with administration to determine where the inmate will need to serve his or her time. The reason for this statement is a prison’s inmate capacity along with the level of treatment able to be offered at a specific prison may influence a decision to place an offender at one location over another. According to the United States Department of Justice (2013), â€Å"the Federal Bureau of Prisons are responsible for confining federal offenders in prisons that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and secure† (Agencies). According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008), â€Å"as part of these duties, the BOP is able to control health care in prisons by being responsible for the delivery of medically necessary health care to inmates in accordance with applicable standards of care† (Executive Summary). The American Correctional Association has established nationwide principles connected to the safe, effective and professional operation of corrections facilities. These values are vital leaders in regards to the policies and procedures that defend the wellbeing and security of employees and inmates of the prison. These principles are frequently reviewed by a group looking over the standards. The amendments are grounded on decisions based by the court, practice sessions, and constitutional organizations. In order to comply with both federal and state laws, medical facilities or health care services must be provided at prisons and state-run correctional facilities. This type of task would require the combined efforts of several sections within the American Correctional Association which is primarily associated with the Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. In addition, things such as making financial arrangements for the construction and upkeep of medical faciliti es would fall to the obligation of Administrative Services and the Offender Prison Health Care Agency 4 Operations. In addition the Health Services at a prison are those responsible for the day to day procedures of the prison’s medical treatment centers. To make sure that the health care being provided to prisoners is meeting a high level of quality the American Correctional Association has required and expects accreditation and certification from any agencies regarding the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. The NCCHC healthcare principles and standards are intended to assist things such as; prison healthcare clinics meet international and national standards of basic human rights. By November 29, 2007, the BOP had held 166,794 inmates in approximately 114 BOP prisons at 93 different sites (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Also, throughout 2007 the Federal Bureau of Prisons was indebted around $736 million for health care being offered to prisoners in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Prisons continues to deliver health care services to prisoners chiefly by internal medicinal providers working by the BOP or allocated to the BOP from the Public Health Service, and ultimately constricted health care physicians which were the ones’ that delivered wide-ranging treatment or separate health care services offered for a single person (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Then with adjusting or controlling the growing prices regarding health care and the various other services the Federal Bureau of Prisons executed resources that were intended to offer additional competent health care to prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons exertions to get some type of control on health care in prisons began by learning the various steps a prisoner must go through before he or she is transferred or sent to their assigned penitentiary. To start off prisoners are sent to a prison established around the level of treatment that is needed by this particular inmate. According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008) â€Å"the Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General (OIG) initiated an Prison Health Care Agency 5 audit to determine whether the BOP was appropriately containing health care costs in the provision of necessary medical, dental, and mental health care services; as well as effectively administering its medical services contracts and effectively monitored its medical services providers† (Executive Summary). To make sure that federal and state laws are being followed regarding health care facilities being offered at penitentiaries as well as state-run correctional facilities. For something like this assignment to take place would entail the joint efforts of numerous subdivisions inside the ADC, primarily Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. When it comes to planning and budgeting for the construction and maintenance of health care centers this is ultimately the obligation of the Administrative Services and Offender Operations. Therefore, the health care that is being provided to prisoners must be of a high quality and acceptable. In order to ensure that the quality of healthcare being provided to inmates is of a high quality and above criticism the ADC received certification from a self-governing agency to receive their accreditation which was the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC). The healthcare standards that are in place by the NCCHC were envisioned to assist prisons with health care centers for their inmates as well as making sure to meet and follow the international and national principles regarding basic human rights. Inmates of all ages, race, color, creed and nationali ty are able to receive an equivalent standard level of treatment regarding ones’ health that is offered to the public that are not be held behind bars. According to Health Care in Prison (2013), â€Å"This general principle is outlined in Prison Service Order 3200, which states: The Prison Service in partnership with the NHS has a responsibility to ensure that prisoners have access to health services that are broadly equivalent Prison Health Care Agency 6 to those the general public receives from the NHS† (What Healthcare Services is Prisoners Entitled to). This means that prisons already provide health education, patient education, prevention and other health promotion interventions in that general context.† In addition, it is a requirement that each and every prisoner be able to find the penitentiaries’ policy statement regarding the health care services that are offered. In this policy statement it must be able to be viewed in a noticeable spot that is in an accessible location for all inmates. The policy statement must explain in detail what specific primary care, dental and specialist clinical services are available to prisoners, along with who is responsible for providing them (Health Care in Prison, 2013). All prisons must provide the policy statement to any prisoner who requests this information regarding the health care services available to them within a particular time frame. Prison Health Care Agency 7 References: Chen, S. (2009, November). Prison health-care costs rise as inmates grow older and sicker. CNN Justice, (), 1-3. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2009-11- 13/justice/aging.inmates_1_prison-inmate-largest-prison-systems-medical-costs? Health care in prison. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.aidsmap.com/Health-care-in- prison/page/1503575/ The Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/BOP/a0808/final.pdf The United States Department of Justice. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ag/

But These Things Also Essay

‘But these things also’ brings â€Å"to the centre of attention what has previously overlooked†, as Judy Kendall writes. Thomas explores his fascination with the unimportant in this poem and looks at the connection and merging together of Spring and Winter. Much like his other poetry, here, Thomas struggles to put his finger on precisely what he means. This is shown by his inability to separate and distinguish between the two seasons. The poem begins with the first two lines focussing on Spring, however, by following this with two lines focussing on Winter, Thomas explodes our first expectations of usual ‘spring poetry’ of bright and beautiful images. Instead, he catches the limbo between the two seasons and we are presented with the idea of the grass being ‘long dead’ and ‘greyer now’. This pessimistic tone is not what one usually connotes with springtime, but with the cold and bleak winter. By putting the images of the two seasons so close together in this stanza, Thomas reinforces his presentation of their connection. The last line of the stanza, ‘than all the winter it was’, changes the natural syntax of the words. The stress focuses of ‘it was’, emphasising what has past, which creates a sense of longing, introducing the idea that, like in ‘March’, Thomas is desperate to find ‘the key’ the last two lines of the first stanza finish with the words ‘now and ‘was’, bringing together images of the movement of time and emphasising the gap between the present and the past and importantly, Thomas’s focus on that gap. The second stanza uses inscape to look at things, which are seemingly unimportant. These things show the remains of winter, therefore connecting the seasons further. Once again, Thomas alters the syntax of the words to create a more beautified image.’ The word ‘bleached’ would usually have a much more negative connotation of fading and perhaps even the loss of hope, however By placing the word at the end of the first line and after the word ‘little’ he takes away the harshness of the sound and makes it more delicate and gentle. As well as this, Tomas’s use of enjambment stresses the soft ‘L’ sounds in ‘the shell of the little snail’, which further emphasises the smoothness of the words. Following this, the sexural pause halfway along the  second line, highlights the plosive sounds on the image of the ‘chip of flint’. This draws our attention to the minute details, which Thomas considers and accentuates the signs that spring is not quite here yet. By observing nature in this much detail, we see how valuable Thomas considers it to be, it creates a sense that although these things are small and often overlooked, they are significant. The final image in this stanza is of the ‘purest white’ bird dung. At first it appears odd to be beautifying such a thing as bird dung, but by following it with the words ‘purest white’, Thomas introduces an idea of innocence and positivity, as well as a contrast with the previous image of something ‘greyer now’. This brief glimmer of hope however, is shattered in the next stanza. In stanza three, the image of ‘white’ no longer has positive connotations, but it feels as if Thomas could be referring to the relationship between the colour white and death. This instantly darkens the tone and the notion of mistaking bird dung for violets presents the idea that Thomas is truly desperate for any indication of spring’s arrival. The following violent images of ‘winter’s ruins’ and ‘winter’s debts’ create an oppressive feeling which moves further from the previous idea of hope. Continuing the pattern of Thomas’s other poetry, the word ‘something’ appears ambiguous and vague, creating a sense that Thomas still isn’t quite clear on what it is we are paying ‘winter’s debts’ with. The final stanza of ‘But these things also’ begins to fill us with hope once more. The ‘chattering’ birds create a sense of rising morale and the idea of keeping their ‘spirits up’ sounds optimistic. Despite this, when we eventually think that Thomas is going to make a definitive statement, ‘spring’s here’ he reintroduces the feeling of ambiguity with the words ‘winter’s not gone’. This leaves the poem with a sense of not knowing and uncertainty. This reminds us of Thomas’s tendency to never give absolutes and that he likes balancing a positive idea with a negative. This paradox leaves us with the idea that the winter is preventing the spring from arriving. Throughout the poem, there is a regular rhythm, given by the Iambic  Tetrameter, which is occasionally shortened to show the indecisive and unclear seasons. There is never a climax during this poem due to it all being one long sentence. Robert’s talks about Thomas’s use of enjambment and fluidity, which gives a sense of him thinking and working through his thoughts.

How does the Bhagavad-Gita reveal fundamental teachings of Hinduism Essay

How does the Bhagavad-Gita reveal fundamental teachings of Hinduism expressed in lyrical format - Essay Example To be specific, Bhagavad-Gita, which is in the form of sermon from the God (Lord Krishna), tends to reduce confusion and ethical predicament faced by Arjuna (the Pandava prince). When this sermon is generalized to the wider context of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism, one can easily identify that Yoga or selfless action is helpful to attain ‘moksha’ or enlightenment. Thesis statement: The fundamental teachings (theories) of Hinduism (say, yoga, karma/dharma and selfless action to attain the divine) are revealed through Bhagavad-Gita because it deals with the scope of the same in human life (special references to Bhagavad-Gita). The fundamental teachings of Hinduism expressed in lyrical format One can see that the fundamental teachings of Hinduism are expressed in lyrical format. For instance, the sacred texts/works in Hinduism like the Ramayana (the story of Rama’s journey), the Mahabharata (related to the dynastic struggle in ancient India), and the Puranas (related to spiritual and theoretical concepts in Hinduism) are expressed in lyrical format, especially in Sanskrit. So, lyrical format is the foundation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism because the same deeply influenced the oral tradition of chanting mantras in Hinduism. Within this context, the fundamental teachings of Hinduism expressed in lyrical format include: yoga, karma/dharma and the importance of selfless action in human life to attain the divide power or the Brahman. First of all, yoga or unselfish action without considering the consequence is the most important aspect of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism. A yogi (a person who is ready to discard worldly pleasures) can attain moksha because he or she is ready to shed ego. Karma or the amassed liability of one’s actions in day to day life is another important element of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism. To be specific, karma hinders one from attaining moksha. Within this context, dharma or duty min dedness can help one to escape from the cyclic process of birth, death and rebirth. Another important element of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism is selfless action. One can easily identify that Hinduism provides ample importance to selfless action, not idleness. From a different angle of view, yoga and dharma lead one towards selfless action and salvation. Revelation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism through Bhagavad-Gita The most important elements of the revelation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism through Bhagavad-Gita can be divided into three: yoga, karma/dharma and the importance of action. A. Yoga The most important aspect of Bhagavad-Gita which reveals the fundamental teachings of Hinduism is yoga. In Bhagavad-Gita, Lord Krishna motivates prince Arjuna by pointing out the importance of yoga in one’s life. When Arjuna hesitates to be the part of the Kurukshetra war against his relatives, Lord Krishna motivates him by creating awareness on the import ance of action in human life. Selfishness cannot help one to attain moksha. Instead, selfless action can help one to realize the eternal truth/enlightenment. Mehta (2005) makes clear that â€Å"according to Gita, work should be performed for its own sake, with whole-hearted attention, unaffected by any thought of success or failure, profit or loss, honor or dishonor, fame or loss of fame etc† (p.39). Yoga is interconnected with devotional service and action in life. Other elements or steps which can help one to be a yogi are meditation and knowledge. To be specific,

Community interpreting level 3 course assignment Essay

Community interpreting level 3 course assignment - Essay Example The linguistic model interpreter must be fluent while the community interpreter is not always fluent. A linguistic model is basically used in conferences and multilingual meetings. One of the reasons for declining any given assignments includes existence of a conflict in the interpreter’s schedule. The interpreter might not be available or may be committed to other activities. This may result to a conflict thus the interpreter is forced to compromise. Another logical reason for declining an assignment is the topic failing to be in the interpreter’s region of expertise. The interpreter may also lack enough material of preparation thus leading to the decline of the assignment. Furthermore, there might be a conflict of interest by the interpreter especially is they are related to the client and finally the interpreter may fail to agree with the conditions and terms of the assignment (Naom, 2006). Issues like payment, the working conditions and working hours are very prevalent. Before accepting any interpreting session the translator should have the details of the client such as their dialect so as to know what to prepare for the assignment. The translator should have the deadline for the work so as to know the speed to utilize. They also need to have details of a pre-interview so as to prepare themselves adequately. When preparing for an interpreting assignment the interpreter should call the client so as to make sure they are aware of the interpreting appointment (Kalina, 2005). The assignment should be within the field of expertise of the translator and there should be no conflict of interest. When preparing for the research the translator should research so as to familiarize themselves with the assignment. A pre-interview should be carried out so as to allow the client to give factual cultural information that will help the research. The impartiality trait of a translator may be compromised when faced with issues like trauma and sexual violence. The

Public relations thrives on public opinion Research Paper

Public relations thrives on public opinion - Research Paper Example Soon after, a large number of companies and organizations started employing publicity tactics to attract large audiences. The Excellence Project Vercic, L.A. Grunig (1996) states that nine generic principles govern the basis of setting up global public relations. Edward Louise Barneys is considered an America pioneer in the development of techniques relating to public relations and propaganda. Edward Barneys is considered as the ‘father of public relations’. Edward Barneys developed many influential PR techniques including press release and third party advocacy. Barneys helped remove the taboos surrounding the idea of women smoking in public, thorough his famous campaign of 1920 known as the Women’s Smoking Campaign. Barneys educated the industries regarding the importance of news and stated that it was the most effective method of conveying message to the public. Edward Barneys summarized the importance of PR techniques in his famous quotation given below: This quotation fully explains the importance of public relations and public opinions in setting up a democratic system. In modern world, setting up a democratic system encompasses various aspects. One of the major aspects in establishing democracy is public relations. The research following the development of Excellence theory shows that public relations serve as a pivotal condition for the establishment of a liberal democracy. During the 20th century, public relations gained the status of becoming a powerful and influential industry, not only in the United States of America but across the whole world. In modern society, public relation operations are not just limited to the in-house activity of public corporations and public institutions, but are also being increasingly established as independent consultation firms. Thus, public relation operations have become a prominent constituent in

International business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International business organisation - Essay Example Parallel to what stationary retailing, early consideration was just given to how the internet could be used as sales channel. Internationalization and international entrepreneurship SMEs has remained an issue of considerable relevance, principally to the observed growing effects of cross border venturing (European Commission, 2007). This realization was at the heart of the 2007 OECD-APEC study on at removing barriers to the SME Access towards the International Markets that provided general findings on the major barriers to SME internationalization as perceived by the SMEs and policymakers in the OECD and APEC member economies.1 The first internet presence happened with the international purchasing facilities in the year1997, and in 1999 this was when the first full scale online shop of Blue Tomato was opened. In its broad tendency, the Blue Tomato Company belongs to the born international group. In the year 2001, the second generation of internet shops then went online, making Blue Tomato as one of the leading snowboard mail order retailers in the subcontinent of Europe. The new shop generation was defined by the company as the internet shop, which was based on a completely new technology. Along with these were the test centers and snowboard schools, which were also grounds for direct customer contact. Today, the internet helps the Blue Tomato Company in internationalization through providing 90 per cent of the company’s total sales. This continues to take the upper trend. Limitations in the finance and the related physical resources have continued to be highlighted as the leading barrier to the internationalization of SMEs. The pertinent evidence would include the observed disadvantages faced by the Canadian international new ventures or the earlier stage SME exporters, relative to their more of an established counterpart, in regard to the access of the operating and term loans and the terms thereof. A

Engineering design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Engineering design - Research Paper Example The ease of accommodating the power source can also be increased by carefully selecting a location for installing the source. The largest dimensions are of Honda GX 35 i.e. 7.8† ? 9.8† ? 12.7†. The calculations of the resistive forces are very simple because the only resistive force to the motion of the bicycle is the frictional force (Wormell). The frictional force can be coupled with the gravitational force while the bicycle is travelling on an inclined surface. For an inclined surface we can assume an angle of 4-8 degrees at the tourist resort at roads where the bike can travel. We will do the calculations for 8o inclined plane. Pr =  µs FN + W sin ? Where Pr is the total resistive force  µs is the coefficient of friction taken as 0.005 for bicycle tyres FN is the normal force equal to the weight (mg) of the bicycle and the driver W is the combined weight of the bicycle and the driver = mg (mass ? gravitational acceleration) ? is the angle of inclination of t he road = 8o Assuming the driver mass to be 80 kg and the total mass of the bike to be 20 kg we can calculate the total resistive force: Pr =  µs FN + W sin ? = 0.005 ? 100 ? 9.81 + 100 ? 9.81 ? sin 8o Pr = 141.43 N In order to calculate the torque required by the motor/engine to produce we have to assume the diameter of the tyre of the bicycle. The average diameter ranges from 55cm to 70 cm. Taking d =70 cm Tr= Pr ? 0.35 m Tr= 49.5 N m The power rating required will be Power = Tr ? 2?N/60 (N = 50) Power = 260 W The power rating of motors and engines provide a factor of safety of more than 5 as the power required is 260 W. The power rating of the battery can be computed by employing the following calculations: Average speed of the bike = 15 mph Maximum Distance to be travelled = 50 miles Discharging time of the battery = 3.3 hrs Power rating of battery = 45 A ? 3.3 hr = 150 Ahr 7. Produce a detailed PDS based on quantified data The manufacturing process is based on a detailed PDS (Musharavati). The various relevant elements of PDS for the product are mentioned below: 1. Function and Performance: The function of the product is to provide an environment friendly means of transport for tourists in a countryside resort. The performance is enhanced by proposing solutions which can provide means of transport with minimum exhaust. 2. Environment: The product is environment friendly because there is no exhaust and thus no addition of harmful chemical compounds to the environment. The design will be in accordance with the emission standards like euro 3 and USEPA. 3. Ergonomics: While developing the product ergonomic principles are kept in mind according and the design will be carried out according to the ergonomics principles. The ergonomics are mainly concerned with the position of the seat, foot rest and paddles and the convenience in the operation of control mechanism. The overall weight of the bicycle should not be greater than 30 kg. 4. Safety: The safety is ver y important and the safety and protection guidelines according to the manufacturing standards provided by ASME and ASTM. 5. Materials: The selection of materials should be done according to the ease of use and feasibility of manufacturing according to the local conditions. The proposed materials are aluminium and iron. 6. Competition: The product under consideration i.e. the environment

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Critique - Essay Example The authors establish their case by first reviewing the available literature regarding how front office work is represented within school public relations research. They reveal numerous studies that examine the roles of parents or caregivers in student learning, looking at the "triad" of parent/carer, teacher and student, completely by-passing the front office as a potential participant. The researchers do provide one example of a study conducted in 1991 that is similar to their own inquiry, but point out that the data is relatively outdated. In spite of this, they use this outdated study to help support their own conclusions later in the article. These researchers also point out that a few studies have referenced front office work as an occasional participant in helping shape parents' overall experiences of educational practices. To illustrate how these studies have looked at the front office, the researchers go into a lengthier discussion of four sample studies that they found. The se sample studies tended to show the front office as a negative impediment to school-to-home relations. ... Another sample study showed the negative role the front office must play as gate-keepers of the school, frequently translated within parents' minds as impeding their ability to participate in their child's education and actually the result of inadequate communication between administration and parents regarding school policies, again demonstrating the front office as an ignored space. The other studies mentioned describe the importance of a welcoming entrance to the school, but focus on the architecture and entry procedures without giving any attention to the personnel that carry out these functions. The researchers effectively demonstrate that while the job of the office workers might be valued, the workers themselves are largely ignored or viewed in a negative light. The study the article reports on was conducted by gathering a great deal of school documents and parent/administrator/staff interviews, and observations. Although the study was not intended to be focused exclusively on front office work, its primary purpose, to examine how to build good home-school relations, revealed this gap in understanding. The researchers point out that the study sample was not representative, but their findings seem widely applicable. Within all of the collected material, there was a great deal of information about what was expected of parents and how the front office played a role in various activities relating to the children, but none of the office staff were ever mentioned by name or specific area of the front office itself. Because the focus of the study was not originally intended to be about the front office work and the invisible role of front office staff, questions pertaining to these

Nike's Global Women's Fitness Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nike's Global Women's Fitness Business - Essay Example Improve the integration levels within particular divisions. Goal â€Å"To take a more consumer-oriented approach to the market, optimizing the company’s activities to give customers holistic collection of everything they want and need in a particular sports category.† Analysis Structure Currently, Nike uses the matrix organizational structure. This type of structure groups employees according to their functions and by product type that they are involved in production. In this type of structure, there is a horizontal flow of information and skills. The following components are distinctively identified with the matrix structure of organization: there is a top manager who is in charge of the entire matrix and is charged with the responsibility of balancing the two chains of command. Then there are two matrix managers who are in charge of their respective sub-groups. One of them is the product manager and the other is the functional manager. Pros: there is coordination to m eet dual customer demands. It is suited for complex decisions. The structure is also suited for an organization with multiple products, like Nike. Cons: there are frustrations brought about by dual authority. This type of structure is time-consuming in decision making and conflict resolution. People This is a highly populated organization with more than 26,000 employees. There is specialized expertise in the organization with employees only working in their areas of specialization; such as footwear, equipment and apparel. Nike’s senior executives are supportive of the employee’s activities. For example, the executives offered support to the Change the Game team when the team made its presentation on the strategy to approach the women’s market. Most people in Nike, especially those who have been there for a long time like Darcy Winslow, know a large percentage of the community. The company, in its effort to move to a consumer-based organization from the current p roduct-based, appointed team captains who would set-up and run different categories of sport. These captains were responsible for bringing together the right people to spearhead a business plan for the particular sport category that they are in charge of. People were also supportive of the company’s ideas and it is clear that they wanted these ideas to succeed. They attended meetings with enthusiasm and commitment. Pros and Cons The support that the executive gives to the other employees boosts their morale and working spirit. The employees are motivated and the quality of their output is bound to improve. Knowing a big percentage of the community helps the company to get the necessary feedback on their products and services. The people can also give recommendations about a particular type of product. Using team captains and a group of specialists guarantees the company of quality results. There was resistance from retailers who were not willing to allocate more space to Nike . These retailers did not want to change their traditional practices. Incentives Nike worked out an incentive methodology that was aimed at motivating the performance of the employees. Most members were measured according to the results that they achieved, for example, selling shoes. In areas where there were added responsibilities, incentives were also increased to match up to the work. Cash bonuses were also offered

Wittgenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wittgenstein - Essay Example His earlier profession was an effect of Arthur and his mentor Russell Bertrand. His earlier profession was terminated in the Tractatus, which is based on the notion of rational problems that contributed to arguments of the logical language. His work tries to show the logic in philosophy and theoretical investigations. This is through revealing the logic and language used in philosophy as well as the technical approach of philosophical issues. The work of Wittgenstein on a rule of private language is still taken into considerations and his philosophical work as influenced varied field outside the work of philosophy. Therefore, the discussions within the research analysis provide different ways of understanding diverged philosophical writings of Wittgenstein. The Philosophical Features of Wittgenstein Wittgenstein’ logical concept is anti-theoretical; thus, it is not easy to classify them in the classical ideas. He focused on philosophical logic and language of philosophy, which a theory demonstrating his own meaning of philosophical ideas. He used a philosophical paradox of explaining the logic and language used in philosophical work, which he borrowed from the Greek sceptic (Pojman and Vaughn 192). He avoided the logic and language theory in 1929; thus started explaining ideas rather than describing them. Therefore, his work stood among the classical work because western philosophy mainly was conceived as the search for a new way of explaining ideas rather than describing them. Another feature is that Wittgenstein was non-sceptic because he believed that it was wrong for philosophers to use philosophical theorizing of ideas. This is one of the main reasons that made him abandon the philosophical method of theorizing ideas. This is because he taught that it was a risky way and liable to error. The philosophical theory was a method, which was commonly used by Emmanuel Kant, but the critique upon Kant’s way of theorizing ideas contributed to varied f orms of human experience. Wittgenstein never used the same way Kant was working, but his method in philosophical work led to the philosophical theory back to its origin. For instance, the way people construe or interpret feelings from objects that are not dependent and connect them to the physical world is one way that attributes Wittgenstein’s work. Ordinary Language Philosophy Wittgenstein encountered varied issues in placing ideas; thus, nearly all of his writing styles were almost the psychopathic quality. Therefore, he used an ordinary language that views traditional philosophical issues as deep-rooted in misunderstandings. This philosophy is built upon distorting what words actually imply in the daily use. The language philosophical approach that Wittgenstein used avoided philosophical theories. The ordinary language, which is sometimes referred as the Oxford philosophy, was linked with the work of Oxford professors in the 20th century (Pojman and Vaughn 192). The centr al point of rational words that Wittgenstein used in the common language tripped over the words that many scholars took in abstraction. Abstraction is the method through which principles are employed from classification and utilization of literal ideas. This method of abstraction was used in philosophy in order to enable philosophers to recognize some set of ordinary features in people. However, Wittgenstein was criticized for being totally misguided, and he has no general solutions to the philosophical problems. Philosophers are obliged to abstract the ordinary definition of words, but Wittgenstein extracted words in reverse. He could describe a theory in every situation, and he used imagery to reveal the problem structure under scrutiny. This reveals why many people have read and appreciated most of his philosophical

Newspaper Comparison Essay Example for Free

Newspaper Comparison Essay Both the newspapers have the headlines in large bold letters. The story is big news and as many people would be talking about it, they want to catch peoples attention so they will buy the newspaper. The Daily Star briefly explains the story NINE TOP SOCCER STARS IN GANG RAPE' which is quite specific information. I think they do this so when people look at the newspaper that is what they will read and therefore will want to know in more detail what happened, especially as it involves celebrities TOP SOCCER STARS. I think the words GANG RAPE are in inverted commas because this is what the footballers were accused of, maybe a quote of how somebody described the offences committed. However, the Daily Mail does not explain what the article will be about on the front page as the Daily Star does. It merely states SHAMING OF SOCCER I think this is so that peoples curiosity will be raised and they will want to know who shamed soccer, what happened etc. I think both of these headlines are quite effective and would make me want to but the newspaper and so learn more about the story. Both the front pages of the newspapers have sub-headings. The Daily Stars says, Leicester players held in Spanish roasting shame which is quite slangy and explains the article further although here are much more to be found out and will boost the interest of people who read the sub-headings. The Daily Mails sub-heading reads, Premiership stars held in custody over sex allegations. This is quite similar to the Daily Stars sub-heading as it briefly explains what the article is about. However, it is not as slangy as the Daily Stars. A difference between the front pages is that the Daily Mail has two pictures whereas the Daily Star has none. The two pictures are of arrested footballers and they are both looking towards the text in the centre, which invites people to read it. One mans head comes out of the picture frame, which gives the newspaper article a 3D realistic impression. Both the front pages have the beginning of the article and then the reader is referred to another page where it continues. Both the newspapers have by-lines but the Daily Stars is at the top of the beginning of the article and the Daily Mails is at the top of the second column. The two newspapers seem to have conflicting information. The Daily Mail tells us, Eight premiership stars held in custody. In contrast, the Daily Star says, Nine top soccer stars in Gang rape'. This is quite important information that they differ about. However, both the newspapers explain that one player; Steffen Freund was released on bail after being accused of failure to assist a victim. Again, the headlines are in large bold letters. They both include quotes. The Daily Mails headline reads, Players raped three tourists'. This is very short, simple and to the point. It encourages the readers to read about such a shocking story. The quote is probably from a policeman or a spokesperson. The Daily Stars headline is quite different. It includes alliteration GANG RAPE SOCCER STARS ARE MARCHED AWAY IN MANACLES The quote is what the gang was accused of and is the common term the public knows the scandal to be. In the Daily Mail, there is a strapline reading, Leicester City stars on training break in Spain were drinking heavily and brawling before alleged attacks on women in hotel room, say staff. This explains the story further and is quite dramatic, so will make the reader to read the article drinking heavily, brawling, and attacks on women. These terms add interest and shock the reader, especially as celebrities are involved and these people are supposed to set an example to their fans. However, in the article in the Daily Star, there is no strapline or sub-heading which gives me the impression that this newspaper is of a more simple style. The layouts of the newspapers strike me as being quite similar. They both take up a double page spread. On the left they both have the article as well a couple of pictures, though the Daily Mail has three pictures on the left page. Both the right pages are taken up with pictures as well as a section with a picture of each player and w description of what they are accused of. However, the Daily Mails is more detailed as it also has some history on each of the footballers. Also, the Daily Mail has a small article linking with the footballers article, with the headline reading, Young, overpaid and violently out of control. One difference is that the Daily Stars headline does not stretch across the double page, whereas the Daily Mails does. On the left page, the Daily Star has its text in the centre of the page, which makes it seem like the priority to the reader, but the Daily Mail has its text towards the left of the page, which makes it seem less important. The Daily Star has crossheads that break up the text, such as Warned and bruises. I think this is to make the text easier to read for the reader. However, the Daily Mail has no crossheads. The Daily Mail uses language that is simple and self-explanatory, such as, They were said to have forced their way into the womens room at the exclusive La Manga resort on the Costa Calida, where the team has been on a winter training break. There are hardly any long or hard words in the text. I think this is so anybody can read this newspaper whether they are well educated or not. The Daily Star uses quite strong language, as if wanting to dramatise the story as much as possible and hold the interest of the reader. For example, it uses: drunken night out, sex scandal, and smashed down , boisterous stars. This quite contemporary language and gives the impression that the Daily Star is aimed at a less sophisticated reader. The pictures in the newspapers are similar in some ways but not in others. Both the newspapers have the same picture of a German woman (who made the accusation) hiding from the camera under her jacket. This gives the impression that she is quite vulnerable and makes me feel sorry for her. I think the editors who chose this picture wanted o give that impression. The picture in the Daily Mail is, however much larger than in the Daily Star and is also a cut-out. This is quite a modern way of presenting a picture and gives it a 3D effect. Both the newspapers have a section with a photograph of each player, their name and what they are accused of. However, the pictures in the Daily Mail differ to those in the Daily Star. Those in the Daily Star show the players looking like thugs. They all have violent or grumpy expressions on their faces and from these pictures we can imagine them being able to rape the women. But, the picture in the Daily Mail shows the players with smiles on their face, looking into the camera as if to say they are in control. They do not look as thug-like as they did in the Daily Star. Both the newspapers have different picture of the hotel. I think the pictures in the newspapers are given different priorities. The two picture on the lift page of the Daily Star are small and on either side. However, the three pictures in the Daily Mail are very large and take up most of the page. The other picture in the Daily Mail is of the soccer players lawyer, showing her with a grave expression on her face, which gives us the impression that the footballers are in trouble and she is not finding it easy helping them. Other pictures in the Daily Star are of a worried looking boss with Steffen Freund and a large picture of Coyne, one of the accused players looking scared. Both the newspapers hold quotes. The Daily Star has quotes in the middle and towards the end of the article, as does the Daily Mail.

The Cultural Dimensions Between The Us And Netherlands Commerce Essay

The Cultural Dimensions Between The Us And Netherlands Commerce Essay Culture is program of human mind which distinguishes two different human groups one from the other. Culture according to sense is a system of collectively held values geert hofstede Culture is a level of basic assumption and the belief that has been shared by members of an organisation, which operates unconsciously and is defined as taken for granted style of an organisation view of its self and environment -Edgar schein Culture is some thing which is differentiated between in groups, out-group of people. Now that the growth of the organisations are developing internationally there is much relation existing between the international companies to work together, these interactions occurs differently in different countries there develop the cultural difference which indeed effect the organisations. These cultural differences have been discussed and analysed by hofstede analysis in detail. Hofstede also defined culture as software of the mind which guides us with our daily interactions. Culture is a collective phenomenon of thinking, feeling, potential acting, which are acquired in early childhood .to change these acquired characteristics and establish and develop in new ways of thinking, feeling, acting is more difficult for the first time using the analogy in which computer are programmed the patterns of thinking, feeling, acting are referred to software of mind. Culture is a collective programme of mind, which has the ability to distinguish the members of one group of people from another. Hofstede did studies on IBM in 72 different countries and identify 5 different types of cultural dimensions HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND NETHERLANDS SOURCE: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=62 A. Power distance Power distance is used to measure how the subordinates usually respond to their power and authority according to hofstede they are high power distance an countries and low power distance countries in high power distance countries The subordinates are scared of the bosses, the bosses tend to be very autocratic and demanding over the employees, in lower power distance countries the subordinates are more friendly with the bosses who can even challenge them at work, the bosses usually tend to use a consultative management style. United States Us has the lower power distance ranking (PDI) (40), when compared to worlds average of 55 according to hofstede cultural dimension in a country with low power distance is an indicative of a great quality between societal, government, organisation and families. this shows the cooperative interactions across all power label and these creates suitable cultural environment, this low power distance shows that there is friendly relation between bosses and employees which helps the companies to stay stable in many situations. Netherlands Netherlands have the power distance (PDI) (44) which indicates that there is good understanding between the higher officials and the employees yet they might be some differences in some situations. B.Individualism Individualism is a level of independence in a community or organisation; there are two types of individualisms, high individualism and low individualism, low individualism according to hofstede is described as having low interaction and dependence for another work with other persons, in high individualism there is more involvement with the organisation and work responsibilities rather than the immediate family, a high individualism is expected to be more respectful and dedicated towards the work in the organisation. United States US ranks high in the individualism, which would indicate that there are more Individualistic attitude less bonding between direct family members and others Usually the members in the individualistic society concentrate more on the work and themselves and very close members. Individualism is expected to look after themselves, on the collective side we find people who are strongly bonded and connected with in groups and extended families which has exchangeable loyalty collectivism has no political meaning it refers only to group and is extremely fundamental one. Netherlands Netherlands has high individual ranking which is almost similar to us this also have loose bonding towards the family and others in this place people are expected to be more individualistic with the work they do, they usually care take of themselves and close family members where as in the collective society people are bonded to relations and are expected to work with each other in the organisation C.Masculinity By hofstede analysis it is said that mens goals are different from womens goals and these can be differentiated as masculine and feminine. Wherere the feminine values most strongly with the relationship at work they tend to work with people who cooperate well with each other living in an area where they are comfortable with the families and tend to have a security that they can work in particular organisation as long as they want to. Where the masculine is high, people have attitude of respecting for high earnings, getting recognition, which they deserve while doing good job, to look for opportunity in higher levels jobs challenging their work. United States In hofstede dimension us ranks 62 in masculinity, When it is compared to the worlds average of 50 they shows that united state has large gender difference, male domination in the society, usually male s are considered as important because of their roles play in the society this generates the female population become more competitive with woman trying to shift into male roles. Netherlands: Netherlands has the lowest hofstede dimension in masculinity at 14 they shows that there is a very low level of discrimination between the genders female are treated equally with males in the society this low masculinity ranking in the society displaces an open society D.Uncertainty avoidance: Uncertainty shows the level of uncertainty among people and uncertain situations they are two types of uncertainties high uncertainty and low uncertainty where an uncertainty is strong the culture tends to develop unknown situation as threats and people will tend to avoid them in places where uncertainty is low people feel very less threatened by the situations by these people tend to be more opened and innovative. United States United states ranks 46 in hofstede dimension of uncertainty avoidance when compared to the worlds average of 64 low ranking of uncertainty avoidance in a society is known to have very few rules and regulations and they do not attempt to control the outcomes and results this type of society is always opened to new ideas thoughts and beliefs. Netherlands The uncertainty avoidance of Netherlands is 53 when compared to worlds average of 64 this shows that Netherlands have moderate score for the uncertainty avoidance which indicates that cultural tenancy to minimize this shows the reduction level of uncertainty within the population with rules, laws, policies to overcome most of the situations. E.Long-term orientation This is the last hofstede cultural dimension, which was established in 1990, this refers to long-term and short-term tradition and values. Long-term orientation has a respect for the status of relationships .in short-term orientation there is sense of security and stability keeping up reputation, to respect the tradition. United States Us ranked lowest in the long term orientation as 29 when it is compared to worlds average of 45 they shows that society has the cultural traditional according to rules and regulations Netherlands: When compared to united states Netherlands have the high long term directions as 44 when compared to worlds average it shows that country have great level of social obligations, stability, reputations tradition are well followed 3. Sony Corporation of America: Sony corporation of America based in city of new York(united states of America) is a subsidiary of Sony head quarter in Tokyo Sony is a leader in manufacture of vedio,audio and communication and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets Sonys television ,computer entertainment, online business., music and its motion pictures makes Sony one of the most wide spread entertainment companies in the world Sonys us businesses include Sony pictures entertainment,sony electronic,sony computer entertainment America and Sony music entertainment the company recorded an annual sales of approximately 78.9$billions for the year 2009 Sony employees 1,71,300 people worldwide. Sony American is one of the leading music, audio visual electronic and information technology in united states and worldwide it is also said to be code developer of the CD, DVD and SACD.to its credit it is the first developer manufacturer and marketers of the play station .it is also inventor of vast range of consumer audio ,video products Sony has always manage to dominate the competitive electronics market within the united states .the company has almost seen a constant growth ever since its start in 1960 throughout this time In the us it has introduce a varied no of products that has revolutionise the electronic industry the walkman personal stereo and the Sony Trinitron televisions have become industrial leaders there are even more products on the horizon such as VIAO,CLIO AND SONY LINE OF CAMERAS . 4. Managing innovation and creativity For developing and producing these products Sony employees 21000 person work force the Sony mainly encourages these employee work forces to innovate take risk and to exceed customer expectation they work done by talented individuals lead to nearly 14 billion dollars in sales in the recent years a poll conducted among leading 2000 companies, in America Sony was recognize as number 1 brand name beating out cocola,ford and Disney Sony mainly invests greatly in the community and relationships with both their employees and customers every day at Sony corporate ethics play major part the company has develop ethics and action programme which is designed to train all levels of workers of Sony how they remain trust worthy, honesty and fair. 4.1SONY COMPANY innovation practices Changing management structure to remain innovative. The shift from analogy to digital technology and growth of it have been continuous at the 50th anniversary of Sony it was embarked as the start of new digital age by recognising its management structure to improve its decisional company system in order to respond more fast to the market change and to generate a structure e that encourages development of new business the Sony has now reconstructed their corporate structure from a vertical system to horizontal system for first time 50 year history in order to speed up market responsiveness and decision making Sony puts itself into strong position in fulfilling its goals by internalising much of the technological advances by being prepared to change and adapt from itself, 4.2. Establishing new ventures for innovation In the year 1995 Sony has made in long-term technology agreement with Intel Corporation, which is largest manufacturer of microprocessors for computers in US. Sony strengths of any software and hard ware are now combined with Intels strengths of computer technology and semi conductors. Since these agreement Sony has introduce the revolutionary DVD player and DVD anticipating with innovation(digital dream kids)digital dream kids shows the Sony strong commitments in realising their dream to digital technologies the digital Dream kids are analyse as future customers, at all the levels of Sony the employees become dream kids to continue generating new products that will satisfy meet the expectations of future customers to connect the potential of digital technology, Sony will identify dreams of young and digitally educate to create unique fun products and applications the Sony uses dream kids format in union with market research to regularly keep in touch with customers future dreams pio neers of market in the process of constant technological innovation marketing plays a vital role the Sony has always standardized the view that a very good marketing always involves pioneering the market ,which comes down to market creation in the long run there will always be a failure by simply producing the goods that meets market current needs rather than having react to changes Sony has been able to become proactive force by driving markets forward innovation research and development 4.3Future innovation programmes Sony has set few continuous challenges to face in coming future 1. Sony has plan to further strengthen its leading position in the AV while developing it business 2. To secure a firm foot hold in the entertainment industry it will promote a deeper understanding among the company employees and management 3. To integrate an entertainment business and electronics in order to create totally new business opportunities 5. Sony innovative research and development as a leader in innovation Sony electronics is a company that majorly focuses imagination than manufacturing in the past manufacturing hardware has been major drive of the business it is now currently taking newer and different paths to the future the companies majorly focussing its research and development on integrating the broadband and finding the synergy between contend and hardware the main aim of the Sony creative centre is that the engineers are thinking of the ways to touch the heart of consumers foreseeing future trends is the Sony main method of developing new product this really means that Sony is majorly trying to getting tune with what the consumers want and majorly what the consumers are willing to accept another major issue Sony currently faces is timing that is reducing products ahead of markets ability to use them in a recent fortune article emphasizing on happening of Sony electronics and development future wonders has a TV display with thickness of not more than fe w sheets of paper, granting light valve -a high definition video projector that turns entire walls into film screens ,digital chopsticks appointer that allows a user to pick a particular folder and transfer it directly to another screen beside, The companies R and D has been described as the future toy factory buy few of the open minded employees and engineers Sony.com indicates that Sony s vision is not necessarily about refrigerators talking to toasters .its about bringing to market products that capture imagination of consumers and enhance their life in the process. 6. Philips company profile Royal Philip electronics situated at Netherlands is a diversified health and well being company mainly focus on improving peoples life through their timely innovations it is a world leader in health care lightening and life style .Philips combines technology and design into peoples solutions based on simple customer needs and the brand promises of sense and simplicity the Philips head quarters is situated in Netherlands and employees approximately1,21,000 employees more than 60 countries around the world the company had sales of 26 billion Euros in year 2008,it is market leader in cardiac care and home health care and acute care it also leading provider of energy saving lightening solutions and new lightening applications along with life style products with personal wellbeing .it also has the pleasure by being a strong leadership position in flat TV grooming ,male shaving ,portable entertainment and oral health care 7. Philips innovative campus (PIC) This is a division of Philips electronics India limited situated at Bangalore and owned 96 percent by royal Philips electronics Netherlands it was established with a vision to been an innovative hub creating next generation solutions and products of life style and health care the pic comprises of the industries finest professionals using platforms including real time system and state of art software engineering paradigms ,component based software engineering and multi threaded architecture to drive the creation tomorrows services and products the pic has adopted an open innovation strategy which leverages the partnering companies for joint innovative power and researches in order to bring more innovations in the market faster and effectively 7.1Philips innovations On the fortune list of global top corporations royal Phillips electronics is in the 10th position the company active in its 60 different business varying from domestic appliances to consumer electronics and semiconductors to security systems they are said to be world leaders in digital technologies for wireless communications ,video compressions ,televisions and displays optical products and underlined semiconductor technologies that makes these break through possible the company plays leading role in shaping the worlds digital electronics by bringing meaning full technological innovations to people most of those innovations find their routes in the labs of Philip research the company is majorly dedicate to innovations that are environmentally sound in the terms of its products how it takes them .in the company, the traditionally design discipline are included with skills from the human science and technology from multi disciplinary research based approach that makes possible to gene rate new solution that convince and satisfy peoples needs and aspirations they call these new enriched design as high design 7.2Innovation at Philips Philips mammon trak system is develop for breast screening and diagnosis and biopsy application combination with mri system (magner resonance tomography) this application improves patient comfort, work flow and simplify the processor for biopsy this creation was done keeping in mind the cost and time wasted during the diagnosis of different breast cancers in women this innovation was result of increase of rate of breast cancer patients every year and demand for mammography procedures 8. Managing innovation and creativity At Philips design they think that they can full fill only people needs and desires when they truly understand what they are for these reason they always begin with getting information as much as possible about their targeted audiences, their values ,their priorities ,likes and dislikes with theses approach their international multi disciplinary and diverse design team is able to bring out truly applicable solutions that predict peoples needs enhance their customers business success by exceeding their expectations this is why the Philips is said to be one of the largest organisation in the world with around seven studios in north America ,Europe, Asia the Philip design wins a minimum of 50 plus design awards each year it comprises of a creative force of 400 professionals representing over 35 nationalities with a varied client list of 60 fortune 500 companies 9. Recommendations As both the firms are very large multinational firms, these firms have used quite very varied types of creative tools. The tools used by both the firms vary in final outcome but the tools used are generally the same. When taking the Sony America company, this company majorly emphasises on using the creative tools for the outcome of products related to the entertainment sector like televisions, music systems and other accessories. So, they majorly need to use the creative tools for making the life of human more comfort and more luxurious and easy. But when coming to the Philips they majorly work on healthcare like operating and scanning machines and other health products. They do even produce electronics like televisions music systems and other gadgets but not as the way Sony does. This company uses creative tools that give an outcome relating to bringing down the medical costs for a person. They are also majorly involved in semiconductor industry. Both the firms have very large group of people working in their own R and D centres using much of the creative tools. Even thought there are a numerous Sony products coming up every day, the company is lacking behind the Philips in the electronics sector. This can be said because Philips wins 50+ awards every year for its innovation achievements. Even though sonnys working on innovations there has been not much results compared to Philips. So we recommend that sent to use all the varied types of creative tools and techniques to even get better results. Philips has even mentioned that whatever new innovation it does it also does in way that is environmental friendly. 10. Conclusion Managing of innovation and creativity is a very important aspect for any organization in any country. For any firm to compete and sustain in this fast moving world it should majorly emphasise on using the creativity and innovation tools to get innovative and creative ideas. Hofstede methodology of cultures will help in better understanding the effects of culture on innovation. It will help in studying the cross cultural dimensions and help in growth of the firms eventually. For both multi- national firms it has been important that they manage the innovation and creativity centres well. As these are very large firms both Sony and Philips are managing their innovation centres well by spending lots of amounts on these centres. Both the companies are using varied tools for generating the innovative ideas. So by this we can conclude that both the companies are using and managing the innovations and creativity very well to gain more profits and lead the market.

Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism

Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism Cloaks in the colours of soil: Cinema as an instrument of Nationalism The paper aims to highlight the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the nationalism of a state. In doing so the paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, I shall conceptualize the notions of nationalism and popular culture with the help of academic sources and then shall try to formulate a link between these two concepts and shall analyse how these are correlated. In the second chapter, I shall explain the role of cinema in constructing and reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a popular culture and how these constructions and reconstructions are accepted into a nationalistic discourse. In the final section, to strengthen my previous debate I shall analyse two films, one from India Dil Se (1998) and one from Yugoslavia Underground (1995), to argue that cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through its devices by influencing the consciousness of audiences and results in construction of a nation. Conceptualizing the link between Nationalism and Popular Culture Andrew Vincent describes the nationalism as an ideology that ‘makes national self-consciousness, ethnic or linguistic identity into central planks of a doctrine which seeks political expression† (Vincent, 2010:227). The ethno-linguistic identities are elements of culture associated with a nation, therefore, the nation as an entity is a blend of â€Å"culture and psycho political factors† (Heywood, 2003: 134). Therefore, nationalism has a link with the culture and to be more specific with popular culture. Popular culture has its roots in ‘‘’folk’ or ‘popular’ beliefs, practices, and objects rooted in local traditions as well as mass beliefs, practices, and objects generated from political and commercial centres† (Mukerji Schudson, 1986: 48). Sanjeev Kumar explains popular culture as a â€Å"collective experience† of a society that formulates â€Å"a symmetrical feeling of common tastes† (Kumar, 2013:458). T hese common tastes further give rise to political ideas as many scholars believe that â€Å"popular culture plays a crucial role in mobilizing political action† (Mukerji Schudson, 1986: 47). This political action can be defined as a projection of nationalistic feelings or nationalism. Ernest Gellner in his modernist theory on nationalism and nation asserted the importance of shared common culture in formulating the nationalism of a particular nation by eroding the â€Å"rigid social structures† and argued that ‘nations are products of nationalism, and not vice versa† (OLeary, 1997) (Walicki, 1998). A similar argument can be found in the constructivist perspective of nation that see nations as â€Å"constructs† (Walicki, 1998). Therefore, a nation is not a substance, but the product of a historical process, and a social, political and cultural construct that represent the collects of a nation. The collective consciousness of the nation is described as nationalism. It is important to note that it is not necessary that the beliefs that make up the rhetoric of nationalism are based on historical facts. As many scholars such as Benedict Anderson, David Miller and Anthony D. Smith believes that â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† plays significant role in the constitution of nation building and thus â€Å"national identity is often based on false or, worse still, intentionally misleading beliefs†(Tamir, 1995). Cinema as an Instrument of Nationalism In almost every state there is a â€Å"national cinema† that makes films for the masses of that particular state (Walsh, 1996). To attract audiences these films are made by keeping in mind the popular culture of the masses. Cinema like other type of mass media carries meanings and symbols that not only represent beliefs, practices and objects of a particular popular culture associated with a nation, but also structure the process of nation building by influencing the popular culture through reconstruction of these beliefs, practices, and objects. Walsh (1996) characterizes these meanings and symbols as â€Å"national imaginary†. This process leaves an impact on the psyche of the audience and thus influence the collective consciousness of the nation- nationalism. Thus, â€Å"Internalization† of these meanings and symbols into discourse of nationalism happens through national cinema (Walsh, 1996). One way to understand this phenomenon is through focusing on the identity politics of a nation. Identity is a sense of belonging to a particular group that can lead to the possibility of a nationhood. Through this identity individuals of a nation distinguish themselves from individuals of another nation. Thus the collective identity of a group is defined by distinguishing others as foreign. This process can also be utilized against the minority groups within a state. Sanjeev Kumar conceptualizes this as the practice of â€Å"othering† (Kumar, 2013). As he further highlights with the help of a case study of Indian cinema that cinema plays a vital role in offering Muslim minority. Cinema plays a dynamic role in identity formation by reconstructing the beliefs, practices and objects associated with a national identity. Therefore, a â€Å"national imaginary† is created in which some meanings and symbols are promoted and some are subordinated to define identity Furthermore, cinema with its tools also define and reconstruct the geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation. And these reconstructions are internalized through psychological effects on the collective consciousness of the masses. As Shohat and Stam (1994) with the help of psychoanalysis argue that cinema plays an importance role in acceptance of these recreated imaginary by â€Å"efficiently mobilize[ing] desire in ways responsive to nationalized and imperialized notions of time, plot and history†. Further, they argue that cinema â€Å"homologize† the nation because of collective consumption by the masses and with the help of Benedict Anderson’s argument they declare that â€Å"The nation of course is not a desiring person but a fictive unity imposed on an aggregate of individuals, yet national histories are presented as if they displayed the continuity of the subject-writ-large† (Shohat Stam, 1994). Dil Se (1998) This film attempts to revisit the ideological underpinnings of India after 50 years of independence. The film starts with two extreme positions: Indian nationalism and the nationalism of sub national entities. The protagonist, who is the program executive for All India Radio strolls through North East and Kashmir in an attempt to understand the rationale behind insurgencies and separatist movements in those regions and finds out that insurgents blame Indian government for the poverty and human rights violations and thus justify their violent means to achieve independence. As being a patriotic Indian with a military background he is not convinced by the reasoning of the insurgents and is swayed that Pakistan is helping these movements. Meanwhile, he falls in love with a girl who is a terrorist in disguise and chases her throughout the film. The high point of the movie is the scene where the protagonist learns the real identity of his lover, who is going to attack the parade on the 50t h anniversary of Republic Day, and confronts her and questions her motives. The girl reveals that she had been a rape victim in theKunan Poshpora incidentand that her soul seeks deliverance through hersuicide attack on Republic Day. At this juncture, he replies to her â€Å"you cannot kill innocent people because of the wrongdoing of some people†. It is noteworthy that when this film was released, India was using brutal military force against pro-independence movements and was under much international criticism. The film tries to limit the whole question of pro-independence movements as an issue of governance rather than ideological, cultural or historical as the director makes the insurgents to say so in the beginning of the film. It also puts the responsibility on â€Å"some people† rather than Indian State thus the enemy is â€Å"some people† that exploit their position and force common Indian to pick the gun. This is â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† that I mentioned earlier. In addition, it also subordinates the notion of violence and promotes the notion of love as the suicide bomber girl chooses love over violence in the closing scene. Therefore, Indian identity is reconstructed by distinguishing individuals on this principal. This film also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating â€Å"national imaginary†. To define geographical boundaries the film portrays many locations such as Ladakh, Kashmir, North East, Delhi, Kerala and Bengal etc. Ideological boundaries are defined in term of the subject of the film as throughout the movie there is no mention or visualization of the religious origins of violence. Such as the religious identities of terrorists are not indicated. Even their oath that they repeat throughout the film is secular in nature. Thus, this film emphasizes the secular nature of Indian nationalism. Cultural boundaries are defined in term of lyrics, music and choreography that range from work of Bullay Shah to Mirza Ghalib and from South Indian exotic dance to gypsy dance on a moving train. In doing so the film gives the notion that despite insurgencies and separatist movements this whole sphere and its tastes constitute India and thus tries to evoke the sense of belonging to the land in audiences’ consciousness. Underground (1995) This film was produced during Balkan crisis of 1990s during which the former republic of Yugoslavia exploded. The narrative and imaginary of the film indicates that the director Emir Kushturica is still stuck with the dream of the old republic of Yugoslavia as one film critic notes â€Å"if growing up implies the death of the past, there is no area in which Kushturica refuses to grow up. He refuses to believe that his homeland, the country formerly called Yugoslavia, no longer exists† (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). Therefore, the whole effort of Kushturica is to project the notion of Yugoslavian nationhood on screen and tell the world what went wrong. He does so through historical and psychoanalytical devices in which he blends the history with the lives of main characters Marko and Blacky. The film goes through three eras: World War 2, post-war reconstruction during Tito’s regime and Yugoslav wars. In the first part, the film promotes the idea of â€Å"Brotherhood and Unity† that was the official ideology of Yugoslavia and shows that how with this guiding principal Yugoslavs fought against Nazi power and succeeded. At this juncture, the director introduces enemy that is human desire for power rooted in the subconscious. The film further divides desire into two parts: sexual desire and destructive desire (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). The next chapter shows the struggle between conscious and subconscious through symbols. The main characters Marko and Blacky are symbols of the subconscious that wanted to grab power and the character of Natalija is a symbol for power. Marko is a symbol of sexual desire and Blacky is a symbol of destructive desire. During this struggle in order to get Natalija Marko makes other characters that are symbols of consciousness, and Blac ky believe that war is still going on so they must hide themselves in an underground cellar and produce guns for the resistance. The revolutionary meaning of underground is resistance and psychological meaning is â€Å"collective consciousness† (Yarovskaya, 1997-1998). On ground level the film portrays the corrupt regime of Tito that grows out of power seeking subconscious. In this regime Marko is right hand man of Tito and an arms dealer. After the death of Tito Yugoslavia starts to disintegrate and soon civil war erupts. Meanwhile, characters that are symbols of collective consciousness come out of hiding and see ruins of their dream by the hand of symbols of the subconscious. Disheartened, some characters commit suicide and others resort themselves to a parallel Yugoslavia that is shown through a sequence of underground tunnels that is inhabited by refugees, Yugoslav warriors and UN peacekeepers. The character of Blacky that is the symbol for destructive desire becomes a warlord and contribute to the Civil war. Therefore, with this film Emir Kushturica tries to promote the guiding principle of â€Å"Brotherhood and Unity† that helped Yugoslavs to win the war, but soon the human desire for power changed the whole Yugoslav society and it became unrecognizable by the time of death of Tito. After the death of Tito destructive desire was unleashed and thus resulted in the Yugoslav Wars. Conclusion Therefore, it is argued that cinema construct and restructure the notion of identity of a nation and define and reconstruct the geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of a nation through the creation of â€Å"national imaginary† and influence masses by mobilizing desire of nationhood and thus results in homologizing a nation. As a result, cinema works as an instrument of nationalism through its devices by influencing the consciousness of audiences. The analysis of two films strengthen this argument. The first film Dil Se not only justifies military operations against insurgents through â€Å"misrepresentation of historical facts† but also portrays insurgents as murderers of innocent people. This film also attempts to reconstruct Indian identity by subordinating the notion of violence and promoting the notion of love. It also attempts to define geographical, ideological and cultural boundaries of Indian nation by creating â€Å"national imaginary† and tries to evoke sense of belonging to land in audiences’ consciousness. The other film, Underground, promotes and justifies the idea of Yugoslavian nationhood by showing Yugoslav resistance against Nazi Germany. It also attempts to explain the breakup of Yugoslavia by putting all the responsibility on power seeking desire of humans rather than on republic, thus it evokes the desire of belonging to old republic of Yugoslavia in audiences’ consciousness. Bibliography Heywood, A. (2003). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Mukerji, Chandra Schudson, Michael. (1986). Popular Culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 12:47-66. OLeary, Brendan. (1997). On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellners Writings on Nationalism. British Journal of Political Science, 27(2): 91-222. Ringmar, E. (1998). Nationalism: The Idiocy of Intimacy. The British Journal of Sociology, 49(4): 534-549. Shohat, Ella Stam, Robert, (1994). Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. New York: Routledge. Tamir, Yael. (1995). The Enigma of Nationalism (Review of the Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson: Five Roads to Modernity by LIah Greenfeld; National Identity by Anthony D. Smith). World Politics, 47(3): 418-440. .Vincent, A. (2010). Modern Political Ideologies. West Sussex: Wiley. Walicki, Andrzej. (1998). Ernest Gellner and the Constructivist Theory of Nation. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 22: 611-619 Walsh, Michael. (1996). National Cinema, National Imaginary: Film History, 8(1): 5-17. Yarovskaya, Marianna. (1997-1998). Underground by Emir Kushturica; Pierre Spengler (Review of the Underground by Emir Kushturica). Film Quarterly, 51(2): 50-54.

Democracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwells 1984 Essays

Democracy Versus Totalitarianism in George Orwell's 1984 Winston Smith lived in a world of lies, chaos, and disorder. His uniform was shabby and living space cold and dirty. Changing the past to suit the present was his job where he worked, the Ministry of Truth. One day, he encountered a beautiful young woman of about 26 years of age and instantly fell in love. Little did he know that she would be the one who would end his life. He dreams of sleeping with her but fears that he would be captured by the Thought Police because sex is illegal. During the Two Minutes Hate - a time when members of Ingsoc come together to despise Emmanuel Goldstein, a man who supported freedom and rights - the woman passes a note to Winston. It says for him to meet her in the forest where they can talk. They meet and make love, a feeling he misses since he divorced his wife. Also, doing this act means that he can accept thoughtcrime which is punishable by death. After this, Winston moves into an apartment and the woman, whose name the reader learns is Julia, acc ompanies him. Thinking they are safe from the Thought Police, they commit many different thoughtcrimes. Unfortunately, their renter betrays them and bugs were placed in the room that noted their every move. Julia is taken away and doesn't appear again until the last pages of the book. Winston is taken to jail where he is brainwashed through torture into accepting the ideas of Big Brother, an imaginary leader of the country Oceania. The conflict presented in 1984 is between democracy and totalitarianism. The reader can see Winston's desire for democracy as he writes in his journal and intimately associates with Julia, both of which are illegal in Oceania. Evidence of totalitarianism is se... ...is on page 228, "Two and two make five." This line represents a philosophical point I strictly believe; people who have power, rule over those who do not. I think it is part of nature that this happens. Intelligence, strength, cunning, size, and boisterousness, among other qualities, can single out an individual and make he/she powerful. Those who are powerful can usually survive the best. I would definitely recommend this book to anyone . . . period. It shows how important human qualities are to be human and what can happen when we are not in control of our own lives. This book is not suspenseful but horrifying in a non-gruesome way. It is not a true story in any manner but the reader can pick out certain things that are apparent in our society. Notes 1. The edition of 1984 that I read was the Signet Classic edition, copyright 1981, by New American Library.

Comparison John Updikes AP and Timothy OBreins How to Tell a True War S

Comparison John Updikes AP and Timothy OBreins How to Tell a True War Story Although the short stories, â€Å"A&P,† by John Updike, and â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† by Timothy O’Brien, are both written in the technique of first person narrative, the two stories are conveyed to the reader in very different styles. John Updike, who was 29 at the time when he wrote â€Å"A & P,† narrates his story from the point of view of a 19 year old boy. The narration of the story of â€Å"A & P† illustrates the scene of the grocery store in which the teenage boy, Sammy, is a cashier who witnesses everything that goes on during the day. The store is a theater, having numerous skits taking place throughout the day with no script. Sammy is in the audience where he came only observe the acts to make up his own story and narrate the scene to others. Every important detail is observed through Sammy’s eyes and is expressed in the narration of his story of the A & P grocery store. Sammy sets the scene of a sunny, summer beach day in which three young girls dressed in nothing but bathing suits enter the store to buy some snacks for their day in the sand. Sammy is deeply intrigued by the girls and watches every move they make while ringing in other customers at the store. The girls parade through the isles as if they are putting on a show, just for Sammy. This is Sammy’s first live â€Å"girlie show† and he doesn't want to miss one single detail. Sammy expresses his excitement and fondness of one particular girl as he conveys the details of the one scene: She has on a kind of dirty-pink -- beige maybe, I don’t know -- bathing suit with a little nubble all over it and, what got me, the straps were down. They were a little off her shoulders... ... voices in the story, one for the part telling the actual war story to the other soldier, and one telling the whole story to the reader; war story and it’s reasons. The paragraph following the descriptive tale of his two buddies fooling around with the smoke grenades suggests this theory. In any war story, but especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. What seems to happen becomes it’s own happening and has to be told that way...The story as a whole was written to share with the soldiers who were there with the added tips guidelines to help them tell their own â€Å"true war stories,† and have them be remembered, as well as believed. The graphical depiction of the story is for the fortunate who were not present at the time of the war, who should always be reminded through out time how horrible and unnecessary war is.

The Grapes of Wrath - Beauty in the Midst of Hopelessness Essay

The Grapes of Wrath: Beauty in the Midst of Hopelessness    The Grapes of Wrath portrays life at its darkest.   It is the story of migrant workers and the hardships and heartbreaks that they experience as they are driven from their land - the land that   they have lived on for generations - so the banks can make a profit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sure, cried the tenant men, but it's our land.   We measured it and broke it up.   We were born on it, and we got killed on it, died on it.   That's what makes it ours - being born on it, working it, dying on it.   That makes ownership, not a paper with numbers on it (p.45).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck follows the Joad family as they leave their farm to forge a new life in the land of opportunity - California - where life is golden and jobs are abundant . . . or so they think.   They are met with distrust and dislike by the residents of the cities they pass through, and they have little success in finding jobs with salaries that they can survive on. Once the Joads reach California, they discover that the situation there is much the same; the jobs are sparse and wages low.   People are starving to death while fruit rots on the trees.   Once again, this is so others can make a profit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange.   And coroners must fill in the certificates - died of malnutrition - because the food must rot, must be forced to rot (p.477).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck masterfully weaves a powerful and gripping story of hope, heartbreak, and survival, alternating the account of the Joads' journey with chapters that take a step back and show the struggle of the United States as a whole.   This gives the book a depth that is rarely achieved in literature - at le... ...rror behind - strange things happen to them, some bitterly cruel and some so beautiful that the faith is refired forever" (p.166). Sources Cited and Consulted Cunningham, Charles D. "Solidarity, Sympathy, Contempt: The Mythology of Rural Poverty in Depression America." Diss. Carnegie Mellon U, 2001. French, Warren. "John Steinbeck" Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 1, Gale Research Co.: Book Tower: Detroit 1973. Lechteihn, Yuri. "The Awakening of Tom Joad." 2 pp. Online. Internet. 30 April, 2004. Available http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Steinbeck/grapes.html. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc, 1993. Timmerman, John. John Steinbeck’s Fiction. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. Wilson, Edmund. "The Noonday Press." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 13, Gale Research Co. Book Tower: Detroit 1973.

Industrial Dispute Tribunal

The Industrial Dispute Tribunal was conceptualized as an established permanent body for easier access to arbitration, an alternative to industrial action, and as an avenue for economic growth through its dispute settlement and income policy potential. According to George Phillip in his book A-Z of Industrial Relations Practice at the work place â€Å"Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment†. Industrial relations had its roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern employment relationship by initiating free labor markets and large-scale industrial organizations with thousands of wage workers. As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labor problems arose. Low wages, long working hours, monotonous and dangerous work, and abusive supervisory practices led to high employee turnover, violent strikes, and the threat of social instability. In Jamaica 1938 the frustration of the working class which had built up over the years, became explosive. A wave of industrial unrest swept the country, with workers on the waterfront, in the sugar industry, transportation sector and the government service taking industrial action. Between January and June of 1938, there were several outbreaks of disturbances, beginning with a strike by cane cutters on the Serge Island Sugar Estate in St. Thomas. Other riots included the general strikes on the Kingston waterfront on May 21st and the strike by street cleaners on May 23rd. There were also other general strikes by dock and transport workers, municipal employees, as well as food and tobacco workers. However, one of the major industrial action that took place during this time was the Frome Riot of 1938. This riot had left six dead, fifty wounded and 89 charged with rioting. Frome was the breaking point in the seething unrest island wide over pay and conditions of work and massive unemployment. It was also the start of a series of strikes, demonstrations and disturbances in which Sir Alexander Bustamante played a major role. The riots which occurred throughout this period proved to be very significant as they were the catalysts for the improvement of working conditions for the working class. This was achieved through the formation of trade unions and political parties which lobbied for increased workers’ benefits and rights which eventually led to the granting of Universal Adult Suffrage in 1944, which was the right of all adults, regardless of class, sex, race, religion, etc. to vote. With all this labour unrest taking place there became a need for some sort of regulation that would govern the working condition and treatment of workers. As a result a law was instituted that govern labour relations in Jamaica. Industrial disputes in Jamaica were now settled through the route of Arbitration, provided for under the Public Utility Undertaking and Public Services Arbitration (PUUPSA) Law and the Trade Disputes Arbitration and Enquiry Law. The PUUPSA law established that it was illegal for workers to strike or for employers to declare a lockout in connection with any trade dispute. Unless the dispute had been properly reported to the Labour Minister and the Minister had failed to act within the time specified in the law. However, there were certain deficiencies in the law. One of these was the possibility of a strike occurring where there was no industrial dispute as defined and such action would not be illegal. Another was the absence of penalties written into law for the enforcement of awards. Also the arbitrator acting under the Arbitration Act did not have the power to reinstate a worker. It was even difficult to select an arbitrator by parties and this sometimes result in a very long process. Perhaps one of the major deficiencies is that Arbitrations only took place in the essential service under the PUUPSA, and in the event where the workers were represented by a union and the grievance procedure allowed for arbitration. The workers became very discontented with the manner in which grievances were handled by Arbitrators. The Government now felt that it was necessary to have a modern and permanent State machinery to determine and settle disputes expeditiously. In 1975 the PUUPSA law was repealed and incorporated into Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Ac that sought to correct the omissions. This Act was passed in 1975 after much discussion and debate, the Act gave strength to companion Laws, which have generally assisted in improving living standards and giving more justice to workers as active participants in the Industrial relations process in the country. Under the Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Act an employer is required to grant bargaining rights to a trade Union which secures a simple majority of the votes of employees eligible to vote in representational ballot. The Ministry of Labour conducts the ballot provided that is it satisfied with the claimant union has made out a prima facie case of representation following a comparison of the audited list submitted by the union or its membership in the establishment with the list of employees submitted by the employer. The LRIDA provided principally for the establishment of an Industrial Disputes Tribunal (IDT) as a final arbiter of disputes; compulsory recognition and protection against discrimination in respect of union membership; recognition of trade unions; settlement of disputes in the essential services; the setting up of a Board of Enquiry; a Labour Relations Code; and vesting the Minister of Labour with authority to declare a dispute to be one which is likely to gravely endanger the national interest and give him power to have the dispute put to compulsory arbitration. The Tribunal was also established to determine and settle industrial disputes and to promote industrial harmony. The industrial Dispute Tribunal consist of a Chairman and two deputy Chairmen and not less than two members representing employers and two representing workers and such special members as may from time to time be appointed to form a Special Division of the Tribunal. The appointments of the Chairman and Deputy Chairmen must be made by the Minister after consultation with organizations representing employers and employers and workers. The Minister may increase the number of persons comprising the tribunal if work increase and its necessary. The members representing employers and workers are appointed from panels supplied to the Ministry by organization representative of employers and workers, respectively. If there is no such panel the Minister may constitute a panel as he deems fit. These are now several divisions of the tribunal. In the case of a special Division of the Tribunal to settle disputes affecting the nation interest, the Chairman is appointed by the Minister on the joint recommendation of the parties involved and the other two members are appointed, respectively on the recommendation of the employer organization and the trade union involved. Reference of disputes to the Tribunal must be made through the Minister including the determination of the entitlement of categories of person to participate in a ballot under the procedure for settlement of representational claims to the Tribunal, when other mean of settlement failed to resolve the issue in disputes. In a reference by the Minister to the Tribunal of representational dispute, it shall be lawful for the Tribunal to determine the bargaining unit in which the workers may be included. In disputes affecting the Nation Interest the Minister may make an order calling on the parties to refrain from taking or continuing any industrial action for a period of 30 days. If there is no settlement within those 30 days, the Minister shall call upon the parties to select the chairman of a special Arbitration Tribunal with the employers and workers selecting their representative, respectively, which shall sit as a special division of the Tribunal to hear the dispute. If there is no agreement on the selection of the special Tribunal, the Minister shall refer the dispute to the Tribunal. In other disputes, reference to the Tribunal will be made on request of all the parties to the dispute where the Minister is satisfies that other means of settlement provided by Collective Agreement have failed to resolve the issue in the dispute. By the amending act of 1978 and a further amendment in 1986, the minister is empowered on his own initiative to refer a dispute to the Tribunal of he consider that the dispute should be settled expeditiously and where he is satisfied that attempts were made without success to settle the dispute or if, in his opinion, all the circumstances surrounding the dispute constitute such an urgent or exceptional situation that it would be expedient to do so. The Tribunal is not empowered to hear disputes relating to the appointment removal of or disciplinary action against any person holding public office. Disputes over representational rights of government employees are also not referred to the Tribunal. The award of the Industrial Dispute Tribunal are binding, except on a point of law, and shall not be inconsistent with national interest or any enactment regulating or controlling terms and conditions of employment. An award may be made with retrospective effect form a date earlier that the date on which the dispute first arose. Thus is particular so in the case of any claim with respect to a new bargaining unit. Roles & Functions Industrial Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment. Where a dispute has been referred to the Tribunal and the parties reach full agreement before the tribunal begins to deal with the dispute, the parties will have to furnish the Tribunal with a copy of the signed agreement and also a letter of request to the Minister to withdraw the dispute. If both parties did not reach an agreement the IDT will therefore initiate the procedure in settling the dispute. The secretary of the IDT will advised the parties (union/individual vs. firm) that a matter with stated terms of reference has been referred to it by the Minister of Labour. The parties may be then summoned to a preliminary hearing usually on a mutually agreed date. The hearing is conducted by a panel consisting of a chairman and two other members, as well as a secretary and one or two recording steno typist. Undertakings from both parties are given to provide written briefs in a specified period. Alternatively the IDT may by letter invite the parties to submit briefs within a specified period, written briefs must be concise and accurate. In the event that either party cannot prepare a brief by the deadline date, an extension of time must be sought in writing from the IDT. When the briefs are prepared by the party the company and/ or the union may wish to be represented at the hearing by an attorney-at- law or industrial relations professional. If so, the parties must supply the representatives with all the pertinent facts to ensure accuracy of detail in preparing briefs, submission maybe elaborated verbally at the hearing. When the briefs have been submitted by both parties, the Tribunal will schedule a meeting. Opening submission from aggrieved side, usually the union will begin the hearing. Witnesses maybe summoned, documents maybe presented along with all relevant evidence submitted in support of the case. When the hearing is completed an award is handed down. Arbitrators are governed by the term of reference. The Tribunal must ensure that awards are capable of being implemented. If it is, at least two members of the panel a simple majority must sign the award in order for it to be binding; this award from the IDT is binding on all parties. If there is a disagreement among members of the panel about the terms of the award a minority report may be submitted but the members disagreeing with the award should consider whether it is appropriate to write a minority report. This may be necessary where the arbitrator feels that his reputation maybe damage or where he feels that it is essential to set out his reason. His disagreement is recorded on the award document. If all three disagree the award maybe handed down by the chairman. The chairman of the panel might also seek clarification of the award in doing this he might sit alone or with other members and invite all parties to attend the sitting. Clarification of the awards may also be provided by the panel in writing, but without out a sitting. On the contrary, the awards may be appealed in the Supreme Court if there is a breach of law, insobriety of one or all panelists; or insanity of panelists. The decision made by the Supreme Court on an appeal is binding on all parties, but there are provisions for further appeals through the judicial machinery to the Privy Council in England. An award may be retroactive but it must not precede the date when the dispute first arose. Tribunals have the function of a civil court to enforce the law but are not restricted by the rules and procedures of an ordinary court. The Industrial Dispute tribunal has the advantage of being quicker, cheaper, and more informal, have great discretionary power and can be staffed by expert in the field. On the other hand, IDT have disadvantages by being less precise than the ordinary court. All the matter arises in Industrial relations are referred to the TDT because tribunal only deals with civil law. Employee rights such as redundancy payment, discrimination, unfair dismissal and maternity leave are matters that are referred to the tribunal. Often it is the interest of both parties to resolve the situation as quickly and as cheaply as possible. To this end tribunals serve a useful purpose. The Industrial Dispute Tribunal performs its task on its own merit and as such they have the power to make awards that are binding and are deemed to be final. These awards can only be overturned on a point of law this means only where the decision of the tribunal may be in error can an appeal be made. The tribunal also has the power to summon any person before to give evidence or produce documents and records in control of that person. Another function of the tribunal is that it may also administer an oath or take an affirmation of any witness appearing before it; the tribunal may conduct it hearing in private for the purpose of hearing evidence. If industrial action is threatened or has begun and the dispute is referred to the tribunal it can order that such industrial action not take place or cease from such time. If the order is disobeyed, offenders may be prosecuted. No action may be taken against members of the tribunal in respect of action done during the course of operations. Where three of the members are selected to constitute a division of the Tribunal and the chairman is one of those members, he shall preside over that division, and where the chairman is not one of those members, a deputy chairman shall preside. In addition where three members of the Tribunal constitute a division thereof and any one of those members dies or is incapacitated after the division begins to deal with the industrial dispute in relation to which it was constituted but before it has made its award, another person shall be selected in accordance with the provisions to fill the vacancy; thereafter the proceedings of the division shall be begun de novo unless all the parties to the dispute agree in writing that those proceedings may be continued as if they had not been interrupted by reason of such death or incapacity. A division of the Tribunal may, by agreement between the chairman of the Tribunal and the parties to the dispute with which the division proposes to deal, be assisted by one or more assessors appointed by the employer or an organization representing the employer and an equal number of assessors appointed by the trade union representing the workers. Where any division of the Tribunal is being assisted by assessors and any vacancy occurs in the number of assessors, that division may, by agreement between the person presiding and the party which appointed the assessor whose place has become vacant, either act not withstanding such vacancy or permit another assessor to be appointed by that party to fill the vacancy. Any industrial action taken in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in any undertaking which provides an essential service is an unlawful industrial action unless that dispute was reported to the Minister in accordance and he failed to comply or that dispute was referred to the Tribunal for settlement and the Tribunal failed to make an award within the period specified in. The Minister may, as soon as he is satisfied that any unlawful industrial action in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in an undertaking which provides an essential service has begun, refer that dispute the Tribunal for settlement. Where an industrial dispute exists in any undertaking which provides an essential service and the Minister is satisfied that the dispute relates to the appointment of any person to a public office or to removal of, or disciplinary action taken against, any person holding or acting in a public office, the Minister shall not refer the matter of that appointment, or removal or disciplinary action to the Tribunal but shall cause to be served on the parties directions in writing requiring them to follow, in respect of that matter, the procedure provided by or under the Constitution of Jamaica.