Nutrition During Pregnancy | Annotated Bibliography

Nutrition During Pregnancy An nonated Bibliography Geraldine OSullivan, et al (2009) did this ruminate to analyze the effect of feeding during labour on obstetric and neonatal outlets. prospective randomized controlled trial was utilize as design in this study. background knowledge of this study was at Birth centre in London instruct hospital. 2426 nulliparous, non-diabetic women at term, with a singleton cephalic presenting fetus and in labour with a cervical dilatation of less than 6 cm. were participants. In this study they pull up stakes light diet or water during labour and they measure the outcome of spontaneous vaginal delivery rate. Other outcomes measured included during this continuance of labour, was need for augmentation of labour, instrumental and caes atomic number 18an delivery rates, incidence of vomiting, and neonatal outcome. leave was the spontaneous vaginal delivery rate was the same in some(prenominal) groups (44% relative attempt of exposure 0.99, 9 5% confidence separation 0.90 to 1.08). No clinically important differences were found during duration of labour (geometric mean eating, 597 min v water, 612 min ratio of geometric means 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.03), the caesarean delivery rate (30% v 30% relative risk 0.99, 0.87 to 1.12), or the incidence of vomiting (35% v 34% relative risk 1.05, 0.9 to 1.2).Outcomes of neonatal were as well similarHazel M Inskip et al (2009) conducted this to determine the extent to which women planning a pregnancy alone with recommendations for nutrition and career style .Design was used for this study were prospective cohort study. Setting was at Southampton, United Kingdom. Participants are 445 non-pregnant women aged 20-34 recruited to the Southampton Womens Survey through familiar practices, 238 of whom became pregnant at heart three months of being interviewed. resolve was the 238 women who became pregnant within three months of the interview were only marginally more likely to completely with recommendations for those planning a pregnancy than those who did not hold up pregnant in this period. Among those who became pregnant, 2.9% were taking 400 g or more of folic social disease supplements a day and drinking four or few units of alcohol a week, contrastd with of those who did not become pregnant. 74% of those who became antenatal m new(prenominal)s were non-smokers compared with 69% of those who did not become antenatal mother (P=0.08). Women in both groups were equally likely to subscribe to five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day (53% in to each one group, P=1.0), but only 57% of those who became antenatal mothers had taken whatever strenuous exercise in the past three months compared with 64% in those who did not become antenatal mothers (P=0.03).Concluded the study as only a small proportion of women planning a pregnancy follow the recommendations for nutritionary diet and lifestyle. Greater publicity for the recommen dations is also needed, but as umteen pregnancies are unplanned, improved nutritional diet and lifestyles of women of childbearing age is also required.Alison M. Stuebe,(2009) e tal did this study to identify modifiable risk factors for excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). Project Viva cohort study was used as a design. In this study they assessed associations of diet and physical performance with excessive GWG among 1388 women. Three hundred seventy-nine women (27%) were overweight (body mass mogul 26 kg/m2) and 703 (51%) experienced excessive GWG, according to Institute of medicine guidelines. In multivariable logistic regression models, they found that expenditure of total nothing (odds ratio OR, 1.10 95% confidence interval CI, 1.00-1.22, per 500 kcal/d), dairy (OR, 1.08 95% CI, 1.00-1.17, per serving per day), and fried foods (OR, 3.47 95% CI, 0.91-13.24, per serving per day) were associated with excessive GWG. In jump trimester vegetarian diet (OR, 0.46 95% CI, 0.2 8-0.78) and mid pregnancy walking (OR, 0.92 95% CI, 0.83-1.01, per 30 minutes per day) and vigorous physical activity (OR, 0.76 95% CI, 0.60-0.97, per 30 minutes per day) were inversely associated with excessive GWG.Hannah Tait Neufeld et al. (2008) did this study to describe how aboriginal women in an urban setting perceive dietary treatment recommendations associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Design used was Semi-structured explanatory model interviews explored Aboriginal womens illness experiences with GD. Twenty-nine self-declared Aboriginal women who had received a diagnosis of GDM were participated .Result was participants associated fear, anxiety, and frustration with GDM. Emotional reactions appeared alongside negative relationships with food and other prescribed in lifestyle treatments. Results suggested that the experience of living with GDM can be overwhelming, as suggested by some of the complex factors influencing womens perceptions and reported behavior s. Discussions indicated that many felt up socially isolated and had a poor self-image and sense of failure resulting from useless management GDM of practices.Penelope McLernon et al (2008) did this study. In this study, one of the most commonplace complications of pregnancy is asthma which is associated with an increased incidence of intrauterine growth restriction. The mechanisms that prompt fetal development in pregnancies complicated by asthma were not clearly defined. regimenary butterball acids (FA) especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are particularly important during pregnancy due to their role in fetal growth and other development. The current study was designed to characterize the fatty acid profile in pregnant women with asthma to determine whether asthma severity or cut fetal growth were associated with an altered FA profile. parental dietary usance and plasma fatty acid profile were examined in mother with and without asthma at 18, 30 and 36 weeks of g estation and matriarchal fatty acids levels were related to measures of fetal growth using Doppler ultrasound and line of descent outcomes. This was used as a method for data collection. Results of this was that pregnant women with obtain and gross(a) asthma had increased circulating plasma fatty acid levels at 36 weeks gestation but reduced dietary intake of fats compared to those women with mild asthma and well-informed pregnant controls. In addition, women with moderate and severe asthma had increased circulating levels at 36 weeks gestation which was associated with reduced fetal and neonatal head circumference.Ruth M. McManus, (2007) et al did this study to compare the associated costs of unfeigned food choices versus the cost of a constructed recommended diet. In this study costs associated with nutritious foods may be a barrier to healthy dietary choices and of particular concern to pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Survey was conducted in a tertiary care diabetes an d pregnancy clinic to compare the associated costs of actual food choices versus the cost of a constructed recommended diet. Method which used this study was women with personas 1, 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) completed 24-hour dietary recalls under the supervision of the research coordinator ( material Diet). Recommended Diet for this population was constructed independent of responses of participants. Actual and Recommended Diets were standardized per 2000 kcal, priced and compared for content and cost of diet. Result was Seventy-five women participated 27 with GDM, 29 with reference 1 diabetes and 19 with type 2 diabetes. There were no significant cost differences between Recommended and Actual Diets .Food choices expressed per 2000 kcal Recommended Diet $10.143.72 Actual Diet GDM $11.303.88 Actual Diet of type 1 diabetes $9.003.16 Actual Diet of type 2 diabetes $10.243.92. Percentage of case intake was lower for Actual Diets than Recommended Diet for all, while p ercentage of protein intake was lower in Actual than Recommended Diet for women in type 1 diabetes.

Risk Factors of Sleep Disorder After Stroke:

Risk Factors of Sleep Dis set expose aft(prenominal) a club sodalexyRisk detailors of eternal rest complaint subsequently virgule A Meta epitomeRunning title Risk factors of tranquillity unsoundness afterwards touchHighlightsDiabetes mellitus has a 41% kind magnitude turn ein truthwhere viewsiness of residue roughness in gash patientsAlcohol utilise has a 59% advert upd insecurity of infection of log Zs disturbance in cam fortuity patientsHabitual breathe has a 1377% increased stake of kip complaint in calamity patientsBody-mass powerfulness has a 17% decreased take a chance of stop distract in buffet patientsAbstractObjectives To explore the related risk factors of intermission complaint in stripe patients by conducting a meta- abbreviationMethods PubMed, Medline, Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane library and Google scholar database were re inquisiti iodind from inception up to May 2014. Studies investigating risk factors for sleep dis pasture after stripe were intromit. Characteristics including authors name, year of government issue, country, archetype size, age of offendicipants and grammatical sex were extracted independently by peckerinal reviewers.Results A lend of 8 studies, involving 1381 patients (578 observational assorts and 803 hear groups) were desir qualified for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that thither were evidentiary linkup amongst risk of sleep disorder after stoke between diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.84, P OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.12, P OR = 14.77, 95% CI = 5.52 to 39.53, P WMD = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.03, P OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.72 to 2.1, P 0.05), mettlesome blood pressure (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.80, P 0.05), dyslipidemia (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.70 to 1.33, P 0.05), smoking (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.73 to 2.20, P 0.05), former chance event (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.74 to 1.49, P 0.05), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.40 to 1.57, P 0.05) when comp atomic number 18d with authorisation groups. Further more than, the turn outs of eggar test showed no statistical publication bend.Conclusions Diabetes mellitus, intoxi piece of asst rehearse, general saw logs and body-mass index be associated with risk of sleep disorder in patients with knock.Key words Sleep disorder Risk factors Meta-analysis StrokeIntroductionStroke is a serious global health conundrum, and conside exit as the fourth leading effort of death and the immemorial cause of vainglorious disability in any around the world 1-3. Sleep-related breathing disorders (SDB) is a frequent clinical phenomena, and characterized by repetitive apneas and hypopneas during sleep 4, 5.The relationship of SDB with slice has been investigated in the recent years. M whatsoever researches run by stor nerve centred increased incidence of SDB in slash patients, which could lead to progression of the stroke 6, 7 . Furthermore, SDB following stroke may ensue in last mortality and morbidity 4. Although SDB and stroke have normal established risk factors including age, gender, elevated body-mass index (BMI), hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and customary snoring 8-10, risk factors leading to SDB in stroke patients be unclear. Thus, it is chief(prenominal) to identify contri precisely whening risk factors or associated conditions that move tint on outcome of SDB following stroke.Previously existing lit and primary analyses on risk factors of sleep disorder after stroke exclusively involved in research of received factor, and statistical power was subscript and insufficient in these studies 4, 11. In this study, to investigate the risk factors for SDB after stroke and obtain a quantitative estimate of the risk, we agreementatic tout ensembley review the literature that have studied patients with stroke for SDB risk factors, (namely gender, Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipid emia, Smoking, alcohol use, Previous stroke history, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Habitual snoring and Body-mass index)by conducting a meta-analysis.Methods inquisition strategy and study selectionWe retrieved the relevant studies up to May 2014 in several(prenominal) public databases, outstandingly including PubMed, Medline, Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google scholar. The main search words were factor or make for, affect or sh atomic number 18 or determinant or cause or priming coat and sleep disorder, apnoea or obstacle or impediment or parapet or obstruction or balk and stroke or rational apoplexy or acute cerebral accident and research or survey or study or trial. Meanwhile, references from retrieved papers were examine for more relevant studies non identified in database search.Eligibility of relevant studiesFor relevant abstracts, full publications were retrieved for evaluation on the basis of criteria that were established a pri ori. completely selected research articles were considered except slip of paper reports. We sought to include studies of any gentleman body that reported risk factors in sleep disorders, and relationships between sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea or insomnia symptoms and stroke without the limitation of sample size and range of age. Studies were excluded from the systematic reviews and reports that wholly described sleep disorder after stroke. Studies with no control group were overly excluded. Reviews, reduplicated studies and studies print in language other than English were excluded as well.Data extr runIn initialiseion from crumblely(prenominal) study was extracted independently by deuce reviewers victimization a data extraction form. Study ordinary characteristics (e.g., author, year of publication, location of participants, design of studies, ethnicity and number of cases), and characteristics of participants (e.g., age, gender and sample size) were preserve (where avail adequate to(p)) and doubled-checked. Meanwhile, the effect size of risk factors of sleep disorder in stroke patients comp ard with stroke patients without sleep disorder with corresponding 95% confidence legal separation (CI) were extracted as reported by authors. The effect size of gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol use, previous stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and habitual snoring were metrical by, and body-mass index (BMI) by weighted mean difference (WMD). In addition, we contacted authors of incorporate studies to obtain further information for data items that contained clarification. Discrepancies were resolved by discussing within our research team or contracting with the original investigators via e-mail.statistical analysisThe meta-analysis was centreed on the risk factors of sleep disorder in stroke patients versus stroke patients without sleep disorder. The pooled estimates of effect size of ris k factors were mensural by averaging OR or WMD based on a fixed or stochastic effects model depending on the boilersuit heterogeneousness. Then, heterogeneity of effect size crosswise studies was evaluated by applying Cochrans Q-statistic and and the I2 statistic 12, 13. P protect I2 value 50% was considered to heterogenous across the studies. When substantial heterogeneity was detected, we calculated the over in wholly estimate of ORs or WMDs using MantelHaenszel manner in the fixed effect model 14. If non, the pooled estimates were testifyed based on the random effect model by using DerSimonian and Laid system 15. In addition, the publication warp were evaluated using Eggers linear atavism test 16, which measures funnel p potty asymmetry by the natural logarithm scale of the effect size.Meta-analysis was performed using the softw ar of the STATA package v.11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). P value ResultsLiterature research and study characteristics The details of the literature search were shown in a flow diagram (Figure 1). We obtained 972 citations (131 from Medline, 341 from Pubmed, 164 from Springer, 103 from Elsevier Science Direct, 16 from Cochrane Library and 217 from Google Scholar) with our electronic literature search. We obtain 84 citations after removing duplicates or irrelevant studies. In addition, 47 citations were excluded after screening based on the abstracts. Then 37 remained citations were full-text reviewed for detailed assessment. Fin totall(a)yy, 8 citations satisfied the inclusion criteria and were worthy for the meta-analysis.The characteristics and information of the included studies were presented in circuit card 1. The 8 selected studies contained 1381 patients with average age (ranging from 43.0 to 75.2 years old), including 578 experimental groups (stroke patients with sleep disorder) and 803 control groups(stroke patients without sleep disorder) 17-24. boilers suit analysis of genderAs shown in Table 2, a count of 7 break in studies 17-20, 22-24, involving 1321 stroke patients (539 experimental groups and 782 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no knowl bounds between gender and sleep disorder after stroke was plunge (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.72 to 2.1, P 0.05), in so far withsignifi bathroomt heterogeneity between studies (Q2 = 22.73, I2 = 73.6%, P the closure of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication incline (P = 0.91) boilers suit analysis of hypertensionAs presented in table 2, a total of 8 studies 17-24, including 1381 stroke patients (578 experimental groups and 803 control groups ), were finally eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no association between hypertension and sleep disorder after stroke compargond with control groups (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.80, P 0.05), but with significant between-study heterogeneity was found (Q2 = 14.13, I2 = 50.5%, P In addition, the pass of Eggers test sho wed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.43).Overall analysis of diabetes mellitusAs shown in Table 2, a total of 7 studies 17, 19-24, involving 1326 stroke patients (549 experimental groups and 777 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed diabetes mellitus had a 41% increased risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients comp atomic number 18d with control groups (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.84, P Q2 = 1.59, I2 = 0%, P 0.1). In addition, the prove of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.72)Overall analysis of dyslipidemiaAs shown in Table 2, a total of 4 studies 17, 19, 22, 24, involving 832 stroke patients (373 experimental groups and 459 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no association between dyslipidemia and sleep disorder after stroke comp ard with control groups (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.70 to 1.33, P 0.05), yet with significant between-study heterogeneity (Q2 = 4.78, I2 = 37.3%, P 0.1). In addition, the result of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.68)Overall analysis of smokingAs presented in Table 2, a total of 5 studies 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, containing 1234 stroke patients (495 experimental groups and 739 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no association between smoking and sleep disorder after stroke comp atomic number 18d with control groups (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.80, P 0.05), yet with significant between-study heterogeneity (Q2 = 13.82, I2 = 71.0%, P the result of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.43).Overall analysis of alcohol useAs shown in Table 2, a total of 5 studies 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, involving consisting of 1234 stroke patients (495 experimental groups and 739 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed alcohol use had a 41% increased risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients comp ared with control groups (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.12, P no significant between-study heterogeneity (Q2 = 4.49, I2 = 10.9%, P 0.1). In addition, the result of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.65).Overall analysis of previous strokeAs shown in Table 2, a total of 5 studies 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, involving 892 stroke patients (412 experimental groups and 480 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no association between previous stroke and sleep disorder after stroke compared with control groups (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.74 to 1.49, P 0.05), and with no significant between-study heterogeneity was found (Q2 =2.31, I2 =0%, P 0.1). In addition, the result of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.24).Overall effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)As shown in Table 2, a total of 2 studies19, 22, containing 623 stroke patients (280 experimental groups and 343 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed no association between COPD and sleep disorder after stroke compared with control groups (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.40 to 1.57, P 0.05), yet with no significant between-study heterogeneity was found (Q2 = 0.24, I2 = 0%, P 0.1).Overall effects of habitual snoringAs shown in Table 2, a total of 2 studies 20, 21, involving 422 stroke patients (138 experimental groups and 284 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed habitual snoring had a 1377% increased risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients compared with control groups (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.40 to 1.57, P 0.05), yet with no significant between-study heterogeneity was found (Q2 = 1.29, I2 = 22.6%, P 0.1).Overall effects of Body-mass index (BMI) As shown in Table 2, a total of 3 studies 20, 21, 23, involving 494 stroke patients (176 experimental groups and 318 control groups), were eligible for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed BMI had a 17% decreased risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients c ompared with control groups (WMD = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.03, P Q2 = 0.95, I2 = 0%, P 0.1). In addition, the result of Eggers test showed no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.998).DiscussionIn this study, we conducted a meta-analysis for investigating risk factors of sleep disorder in stroke patients. Based on the data from 8 studies including 1381 patients, the factors (Diabetes mellitus, alcohol use, habitual snoring and BMI) were associated with risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients when compared with control groups, yet with no significant between-study heterogeneity. The magnitude of this association was greatest for habitual snoring with stroke patients experiencing a 1377% increase in risk of sleep disorder compared with stroke patients without sleep disorder. However, in that location were no association between risk of sleep disorder after stroke and other factors (gender, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Smoking, Previous stroke history and COPD). In addition, there w as no indication of publication bias from the result of Eggers test. searchers have shown increased incidence of SDB in stroke patients, which may lead to a poor outcome and return key 25, 26. SDB progresses from habitual snoring to the increased upper air track resistance syndrome to sleep apnea 27, and it is biologically plausible that habitual snoring could increase the risk of sleep disorder in stroke patients. Habitual snoring is significantly associated with daylight sleepiness, restless sleep, and hyperactivity, which could lead to sleep disorder 28, 29. In our literature search we did non identify results of any randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of risk factors on sleep disorder after stroke. However, it is reasonable to infer that habitual snoring may contribute to incidence and development of sleep disorder in stroke patients.The previous studies have shown significant gender-related differences in presenting symptoms of patients with SDB 30, and the risk for the development of sleep disorder was significantly lower in women 31. However, in our study, we found no association between gender and risk of sleep disorder after stroke, yet with the most significant between-study heterogeneities. This might result from unavoidable difference in study sample sizes and distinct adjustments across studies. Thus, we suggest that the present analyses might have underestimated the true effects of gender on risk of sleep disorder after stroke, and further studies are guideed to be demonstrated this.The present meta-analysis has a series of limitations, much(prenominal) as lack of uniformity (e.g. sleep disorder diagnostic criteria, the while of patients with stroke) and exclusion of studies written in languages other than English. Furthermore, another limitation was the trap coverage of information of the present analysis. After all, the results in this analysis were only when obtained data from Asia, Europe, North the States and Oceania, an d the majority of the included studies did not render if there were any racial differences among participants. The differences in regions and races among studies might have an influence on pooled risk estimates of sleep disorder after stroke.In summary, the present meta-analysis suggest that the factors (Diabetes mellitus, alcohol use, habitual snoring and BMI) is associated with risk of metabolous syndrome. The coating has a great significance for public health, e particularly in countries of racy incidence of stroke. In addition, further investigations, twain epidemiological and mechanistic, are needed to investigate whether regulating these factors can close out occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome.3D Technology Types and Uses3D Technology Types and UsesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONThis report leave focalize on how polar 3D technologies manoeuvre, it go forth include the entire work flow, from recording the action, encoding the footage, compete back the media via a moving-picture show throw awayor or television and finally how the audience views the 3D take aim or impression, whether it be through specially knowing glasses or an auto-stereoscopic television.At present the most popular way to view 3D media is with the use of specialised glasses, the most popular being, active shutter glasses, dormant polarised glasses and colour separationbased glasses.Wearing glasses to watch a motion-picture show is often menti integrityd as a negative aspect of 3D. There is a engineering science available that allows you to watch 3D on screens without wearing away any additional glasses, it is called autostereoscopy, this testament similarly be directed at.The health impacts that result from observation 3D depart to a fault be examined, along with factors that bequeath prevent a psyche from being able to cleansely view 3D fancys.There will be impacts on the entire industry from studios and cinemas to little(a) merchandise companies and independent producers if 3D burgeon forths become the norm and these will be examined.A good place to array this report is to examine how two of the highest profile media companies around at present are currently screening 3D technology.Phil McNally stereoscopic supervisor at Disney-3D and Dream deeds was quoted as saying,consider that all technical progress in the cinema industry brought us adjacent to the ultimate entertainment experience the dream. We dream in colour, with sound, in an disjointed world with no cadence reference. The cinema offers us a chance to dream awake for an hour. And because we dream in 3D, we ultimately want the cinema to be a 3D experience not a straightaway ane.(Mendiburu, 2009)In the BBC Research White Paper The Challenges of lead-Dimensional Television, 3D technology is referred to asa continuing long-term evolution of television banals towards a promoter of recording, transmitting and dis acting stunt mans that are indistinguishable from strongity(Armstrong, Salmon, Jolly, 2009)It is clear from both of these high profile sources that the industry is taking the evolution of 3D really seriously, as a result this is a takings that is not only real interesting but will be at the cutting advance of technological advances for the next mate of years.This report will be showing the following thingsWhat does the term 3D mean with reference to guide and videoA heart at the history of 3D in motion pictureHow does 3D technology workThe implications of 3D on the take up occupancy and on cinemasThe system actings used to create the media and also the ways in which the 3D image is recreated for the viewerThe reasons I have chosen to do my project on this topic is that I am very interested in the bleak media celestial sphere. 3D video when accompanied with high definition ask and video is a field that is growing rapidly. Earlier this year, on 02 April 2009, riff broadcast the UKs number i live event in the 3D TV format, it characterd a live music c at a timert by the pop group Keane, it was sent via the companys satellite network using polarization technology.traditionally we view drives and television in two dimensions, this in essence means we view the media as a flat image. In real invigoration we view everything in tierce dimensions, this is because we get a slightly assorted image received in each eye, the brain then combines these and we can work out reason of vision and create a 3D image. (this will be explained further in Chapter 3)There is a high level of industrial relevance with this topic, as 3D technology joined with high definition digital mark is at the cutting edge of mainstream digital media consumption. Further evidence of this is that the sports company ESPN will be launch their new TV channel, ESPN-3D in North America in cadence for this years Summer Football World Cup.In January 2009 the BBC produced a Research White Paper entitled The Challenges of Three-D imensional Television on this grammatical case and over the next couple of years they predict that it will commencement to be introduced in the homogeneous way that HD (High Definition) digital television signal is currently being phased in, with pay-per-view movies and sports being the commencement ceremony take advantage of it. cast away have announced that their existing throw+HD boxes will be able to broadcast the 3D signals so customers will not even need to update their equipment to be able to receive the 3D Channel that they are first to broadcast later this year.On Sunday January 31st 2010, Sky broadcast a live Premier League football see to it between Arsenal and Manchester United for the showtime time in 3D to selected pubs across the country, Sky equipped the selected pubs with LGs new 47-inch LD920 3D TVs. These televisions use the dormant glasses, like to the ones uses in cinemas as opposed to the more expensive ready glasses which are also an option. (The di fferences between Active and resistless technologies will be explained in Chapter 8)It is also worth noting that at the 2010 Golden existence awards, on acceptance of his award for Best Picture for the 3D knock Office Hit Avatar, the Canadian director pack Cameron pronounced 3D as the future.At the time of writing this report (27/01/2010) the 3D take up Avatar has just taken over from Titanic (also a crowd together Cameron film) to become the highest grossing movie of all time, with worldwide takings of $1.859 billion. This is being recognise to the films outstanding takings in the 3D adaption of its release, in America 80% of the films box office revenue has been received from the 3D version of its release.In an industry where money talks, these figures will surely lead to an hammy increase in production of 3D films and as a result Avatar could potentially be one of the most influential films of all time.After completing this dissertation I hope to be able to have a wide k nowledge base on the field of force and hopefully this will appeal to companies that I approach about vocation once I have graduated.In the summer of 2010 when I will be looking for jobs, I believe that a lot of production companies will have some knowledge of 3D technology and be aware of how in the near future it may be something that they will have to consider adopting in the way that many production companies are already or soon will be adopting HD into their workflow.In order to ensure that I complete this project to a high standard it is important that I gain a complete understanding of the topic and study a variety of divers(prenominal) sources when compiling my research.3D media itself is not a new concept so there are a wide range of books and articles on the theory of 3D and stereoscopy along with anaglyphs.However in recent years there has been a resurgence in 3D with relation to film and TV. This is due mainly to digital video and film production making it easier and cheaper to create and manage the two channels needed for 3-dimensional video production.It has proved more problematic to study books and papers on this most recent resurgence of 3D because it is dumb guideing and evolving all the time. I have read sundry(a) research white papers on the subject, which have been cited in the Bibliography, I have also used websites and blogs along with some recently published books, one of the problems with such a fast moving technological field such as 3D though, is that these books quicklyly become outdated.CHAPTER 2 benevolent VISIONIn the real world we see in three dimensions as opposed to the two dimensions that we have become accustomed to when notice TV or at the cinema. Human vision appears in three dimensions because it is normal for people to have two eyeball that both focus on the object, in the brain these two images are then fused into one, from this we can work out profoundness of vision, this mathematical process is called stereopsis. All of these calculations happen in the brain without the person ever even noticing, as a result we see the world in three dimensions very naturally.The reason that we see in 3D is because of stereoscopic judgment perception. There are various complex calculations going on in our brains, this coupled with real experience allows our brain to work out the insight of vision. If it wasnt for this it would be insurmountable to tell if something was very minute or just very far away.As humans, we have learnt to judge deepness even with only one view point. This is why, if a person has one eye they can remedy manage to do most things that a person with two eye can do. This is also why when watching a 2-D film you can thus far get a good judge of judiciousness.The term for depth cues based on only one viewpoint is monoscopic depth cues. unmatchable of the most important of these is our own experience, it relates to perspective and relative size of objects. In simple term s, we have become accustomed to object being certain sizes. An example of this is that we expect buildings to be very big, humans are smaller and insects are smaller still. So this means that if we can see all three of these objects next to each other and they appear to be the identical size then the insect must be much close-set(prenominal) than the person, and both the insect and the person must be much ambient that the building (see figure 1).The perspective depth cue (shown in figure1) was sanction up when an experiment was carried out by Ittelson in 1951. He got volunteers to look through a peep hole at some playing cards, the only thing they could see were the cards and so there were no other types of depth cue available. There were actually three different-sized playing cards (normal size, half-size, and double size), and they were presented one at a time at a distance of 2.3metres away. The half-sized playing card was judged to be 4.6 metres away from the observer, wher eas the double-sized card was thought to be 1.3 metres away. Thus, familiar size had a heroic effect on distance judgement(Eysenck, 2002).Another monoscopic depth cue that is very effectual is referred to as occlusion or interposition. This is where an object overlaps another object. If a person is standing behind a tree then you will be able to see all of the tree but only part of the person. This tells us that the tree is nearer to us that the person.One of the most important single view depth cues in called motion parallax, it works on the basis that if a person moves their head, and therefore eyeball, then objects nearer to them, whilst not physically moving, will appear to move more than the objects in the distance. This is the order that astronomers use to measure distances of stars and planets. It is in extremely important order of resolve depth and is used extensively in 3D filmmaking.In filmmaking, illumination is often talked about as being one of the key elements to vainglorious the picture depth, and this is because it is a monoscopic depth cue. In real life-time the main light source for millennia has been the sun. Humans have worked out how to judge depth based on the shadows that are portrayed from an object. In 2D films shadows are often used to scupper depth by casting them across actors faces it allows the viewers to see the recesses and expressions trying to be portrayed.So far all of the methods that have been described for determining depth have been monoscopic, these work independently within each eye. If these were the only methods for determining depth there would be no need for 3D films as it would not add anything because all of these methods could be recreated using a single camera lens. This is not the case however, a lot of the more advanced methods used in human vision for judging depth need the use of both eyes, these are called stereoscopic depth cues.A great deal of stereoscopic depth cues are based around the feedback that your brain gets when the muscles in the eye are manipulated to concentrate your vision on a particular point.One of the main stereoscopic depth cues is called fitnce, this referrers to the way that the eyes rotate in order to focus on an object (see figure 2).If the focus is on a near object, the eyes rotate around the Y axis and converge on a tighter angle , similarly if the focus is on a distant object the rotation means the eyes have a wider angle of convergence.It is a lot less stressful on the muscles in the eye to have a wide angle of convergence and look at objects far away, in comparison looking at very close object for any amount of time causes the muscles in the eye to ache. This is a very important factor that should be considered when creating 3D films, as it doesnt matter how good the film is, if it is going to hurt the audience it will not go go across well.A second stereoscopic depth cue that we use is called fitting, this is the way that our eyes changes focu s when we look at an object at different distances, it is very closely linked with convergence. ordinarily when we look at an object very close up, our eyes will change rotation and point towards the object (convergence) allowing us to look at the item, our eyes will at the same time change focus (accommodation). Using the ciliarybody muscles in the eye, the lens will change shape to let more or less light in the same way a camera does, thus changing focus.In everyday life convergence and accommodation usually happen in parallel. The fact that we can, if we paying attention choose to converge our eyes without changing the focus means that 3D films are possible. When you are sat in the cinema all of the action is projected onto the screen in cause of you, so this is where your eyes need to focus. With 2D films the screen is also where your eyes need to converge, but with 3D films this is not the case. When watching a 3D film the focus never changes from the screen, else the whole p icture would go out of focus, but objects appear to be in scarecrow and behind the screen, so your eyes need to change their convergence to look at these objects without altering their focus from the screen.It has been suggested that this independence of accommodation and convergence is the reason for eye strain when watching a 3D picture as your eyes are doing something that they are not in the habit of doing (see chapter 12 Is 3D bad for you).It is also worth noting that our monoscopic depth cues work at almost any range, this is not the case with stereoscopic depth cues. As objects become further away they no chronic appear differently in each eye, so there is no way the brain can calculate a difference and work out depth.The limit occurs in the 100 to 200-yard range, as our discernment asymptomatically tends to zero. In a orbit, we will hit the same limitation, and this will define the depth resolution and the depth range of the screen.(Mendiburu, 2009)This means that when pr oducing a 3D film you have to be aware that the range of 3D that you have to use is not infinite and is limited to 100-200 yards.CHAPTER 3 Early Stereoscopic memorial (1838 1920)Three dimensional films are not a new phenomenon, Charles Wheatstone discovered, in 1838, that the mechanism responsible for human depth perception is the distance separating the retinas of our eyes . (Autodesk, 2008)In a 12,000 word research paper that Wheatstone presented to the Royal party of Great Britain he described the stereoscope and claimed as a new fact in his theory if vision the observation that two different pictures are projected on the retinas of the eyes when a single object is seen.(Zone, 2007)include in the paper were a range of line drawings presented as stereoscopic pairs, these were intentional to be viewed in 3D using Wheatstones invention, the stereoscope.Wheatstone was not the first person to look at the possibility of receiving separate views in each eye, In the third century B.C , Euclid in his treatise on Optics observed that the go away and powerful eyes see slightly different views of a sphere(Zone, 2007). However, Wheatstone was the first person to create a finesse to be able to meet 3D images. in the midst of 1835 and 1839 photography was starting to be developed convey to work from William Fox Talbot, Nicephore Niepce and Louise Daguerre.Once Wheatstone became aware of the photographic pictures that were available he requested some stereoscopic photographs to be make for him. Wheatstone observed that it has been found advantageous to employ, simultaneously, two cameras fixed at the proper angular positions(Zone, 2007).This was the start of stereoscopic photography.Between 1850 and 1860 work was starting to be through by various people to try and combine stereoscopic photography with machines that would display a series of images very quickly and therefore using exertion of vision to create a moving 3D image. These were the first glimpses of 3D m otion.In 1891 a French scientist, Louis Ducos du Hauron patented the anaglyph, a method for separating an image into two separate colour channels and then by wearing glassing with the same colours but on opposite eyes thereby cancelling out the image, thus reproducing one image, but in 3D.Another method used at this time to create 3D was proposed by toilet Anderton, also in 1891. Andertons system was to use polarisation techniques to cave in the image into two separate light paths and then employ a similar polarisation technique to divert a separate image to each eye on viewing.One of the main advantages of polarisation over anaglyphs is that they do not lose any colour information, this is due to the fact that both images retain the original colour spectrums. They do however loose luminance. It is common for a silver screen to be necessary, it serves two purposes, firstly the specially designed screen maintains the separate polarisation required for each image. It also reflects m ore light than conventional screens, this compensates for the loss of luminance.During 1896 and 1897 2D motion pictures started to take off, and by 1910 after a lot of initial experimenting the creative formats of film that we recognise today such as cuts and framing had started to become evident.In 1920 Jenkins, an inventor that worked hard to try and create a method for recreating stereoscopic motion picture was quoted as saying Stereoscopic motion pictures have been the subject of considerable thought and have been attained in several waysbut never yet have they been accomplished in a practicable way. By practical, I mean, for example without some device to wear over the eyes of the observer.(Zone, 2007)It is worth noting that this problem of finding a practical method of viewing 3D has still to a large extent not been solved.Chapter 4 Early 3D Feature Films(1922 1950)4.1 The first 3D feature filmThe first 3D feature film, The Power of Love was released in 1922, it was exhibite d at the Ambassador Hotel Theatre in Los Angeles. Popular Mechanics snip described how the characters in the film did not appear flat on the screen, but seemed to be moving about in locations which had depth incisively like the real spots where the pictures were taken(Zone, 2007).The Power of Love was exhibited using red/green glasses using a treble strip anaglyph method of 3D projection. (Anaglyphs are explained in chapter 8.3)The film was shot on a custom make camera invented by Harry K.Fairall, he was also the director on the film. The camera incorporated two films in one camera body.(Symmes, 2006)Power of Love was the first film to be viewed using anaglyph glasses, also the first to use dual-strip projection.Also in 1922, William Van Doren Kelley designed his own camera rig, based on the Prizma colour system which he had invented in 1913. The Prizma 3D colour method worked by capturing two different colour channels by placing filters over the lenses. This way he do his own v ersion of the red/blue anaglyphic print. Kelleys Movies of the Future was shown at Rivoli Theatre in New York metropolis.4.2 The first active-shutter 3D filmA year later in 1923 the first baste-frame 3D projection system was unveiled. It used a technology called Teleview. Which blocked the go away and right eyes periodically in sync with the projector, thereby allowing you to see too separate images.Teleview was not an original idea, but up to this point no one had been able to get the theory to actually work in a practical way that would allow for films to be viewed in a cinema. This is where Laurens Hammond comes in.Hammons designed a system where two standard projectors would be hooked up to their own AC generators, running at 60Hz this meant that adjusting the AC frequency would increase or decrease the speed of the projectors.The left film was in the left projector and right film in the right. The projectors were in frame sync, but the shutters were out of phase sync.(Symmes, 2006) This meant that the left image was shown, then the right image.The viewing device was attached to the seats in the theatre. It was mounted on a negotiable neck, similar to some adjustable gooseneck desk lamps. You twisted it around and centred it in front line of your face, kind of like a mask floating just in front of your face. (Symmes, 2006)The viewing device consisted of a circular mask with a view piece for each eye plus a small motor that moved a shutter across in front of either the left or right eye piece depending on the cycle of current running through it. All of the viewing devices were ply by the same AC generator as the projectors meaning that they were all exactly in sync.One of the major problems Hammond had to thrash was the fact that at the time film was displayed at 16 frames per second. With this method of viewing you are effectively halving the frame rate. 8 frames per second resulted in a very noticeable flicker.To overcome this Hammond cut each frame up in to three flashes so the new sequence was 1L-1R-1L-1R-1L-1-R 2L-2R-2L-2R-2L-2R and so on. Three alternate flashes per eye on the screen. (Symmes, 2006)This method of separating and duplicating certain frames effectively resulted in change magnitude the overall frame rate thereby eradicating the flicker.There was only one film produced using this method, it was called M.A.R.S and displayed at the Selwyn Theatre in New York City in December 1922. The reason the technology didnt catch on was not due to the image, as the actual theory for producing the image has changed very little from the Teleview method to the current active-shutter methods which will be explained later.As with a lot of 3D methods the reason this one did not become mainstream was due the viewing apparatus that was needed. Although existing projectors could be modified by linking them up to separate AC generator, meaning no extra equipment was needed, the headsets that were required did need a lot of investment and time to install. All of the seats in the theatre needed to be fitted with headsets, these were adjusted in front of the audience members. These also had to be linked up to the AC generator so as they were perfectly in sync, this meant that they had to be wired in to the seats.These problems have since been overcome with wireless technologies such as Bluetooth as will be explained later.4.3 The first polarised 3D filmThe next and arguably one of the most important advancements in 3D technology came in 1929 when Edwin H. Land worked out a way of using polarised lenses ( north-polaroid) together with images to create stereo vision. (Find more on polarisation in chapter 8.6)Lands polarizing material was first used for projection of still stereoscopic images at the behest of Clarence Kennedy, an art history instructor at smith College who wanted to project photo images of sculptures in stereo to his students. (Zone, 2007)In 1936 Beggars nuptials was released in Italy, it was the f irst stereoscopic feature to include sound, it was exhibited using Polaroid filters. This was film using polarised technology.The first American film to use polarising filters was shot in 1939 and entitled In Tune With Tomorrow, it was a 15 minute utterly film which shows through stop motion, a car being strengthened piece-by-piece in 3D with the added enhancement of music and sound effects. (Internet Movie Database, 2005)Between 1939 and 1952 3D films continued to me do but with the Great Depression and the barrage of the Second World War, the cinema industry was restricted with its output because of monetary resource and as 3D films were more expensive to make their output started to be reduced.Chapter 5 Golden Age of 3D(1952 1955)With cinema ticket sales plummeting from 90 million in 1948 to 40 million in 1951 (Sung, 2009) more often than not being put down to the television becoming coming in peoples front rooms the cinema industry needed to find a way to encourage the v iewers back the big screen, 3D was seen as a way to offer something extra to make viewers return.In 1952 the first colour 3D film was released called Bwana Devil,it was the first of many stereoscopic films to follow in the next few years. The process of combining 3D and colour attracted a new audience to 3D films.Between 1950 and 1955 there were far more 3D films produced that at any other time before or since, apart from possibly in the next couple of years from 2009 onwards, as the cinema industry tries to fight back once again against falling figures, this time though because of home entertainment systems, video-on-demand, and legal and sinful movie downloads.Towards the end of the Golden Age, around 1955, the fascination with 3D was starting to be lost. There were a number of reasons for this, one of the main factors was that in order for the film to be seen in 3D it had to be shown on two reels at the same time, which meant that the two reels had to be exactly in time else th e effect would be lost and it would cause the audience headaches.Chapter 6 Occasional 3D films(1960 2000)Between 1960 and 2000 there were sporadic resurgences in 3D. These were down to new technologies becoming available.In the late 1960s the invention of a single strip 3D format initiated a revival as it meant that the dual projectors would no longer go out of sync and cause eye-strain. The first version of this single strip 3D format to be used was called Space-Vision 3D, it worked on an over and under basis. This meant that the frame was horizontally part into two, during playback it was then separate in two using a middleal prism and polarised glasses.However, there were major drawbacks with Space-Vision 3D. Due to the design of the cameras required to film in this format, the only major lens that was compatible was the Bernier lens. The focal length of the Bernier optic is fixed at 35mm and the interaxial at 65mm. Neither may be varied, but convergence may be altered(Lipton, 1982).This obviously restricted the creative filmmaking options and as a result was soon superseded by a new format called Stereovision.Stereovision was similar to Space-Vision 3D in that is split the frame in two, hostile Space-Vision though, the frame was split vertically, and they were placed side-by-side. During projection these frames were then put through an anamorphic lens, thereby stretching them back to their original size. These also made use of the polarising method introduced by Land in 1929.A film made using this process was called The Stewardess, released in 1969, it cost only $100,000 to make but at the cinema it grossed $26,000,000 (Lipton, 1982). Understandably the studios were very interested in the profit margin that arose from this film. As a result 3D once again became an interesting prospect for studios.Up until fairly recently films were still shot and edited using old film techniques (i.e. not digitally). This made manipulating 3D films quite difficult, thi s lack of control over the full process made 3D less appealing to film makers.The digitisation of post-processing and optical effects gave us another surge in the 1990s. But only full digitisation, from glass to glass from the cameras to projector lenses gives 3D the technological biotope it needs to din (Mendiburu, 2009).Chapter 7 The Second Golden Ageof 3D (2004 present)In 2003 James Cameron released Ghost of the Abyss, it was the first full length 3D feature film that used the Reality Camera System, which was specially designed to use new high definition digital cameras. These digital cameras meant that the old techniques used with 3D film no longer restricted the work-flow, and the whole process can be done digitally, from start to finish.The next groundbreaking film was Robert Semeckis 2004 light film Polar Express which was also shown in IMAX theatres. It was released at the same time in 2D and 3D, the 3D cinemas took on average 14 times more money that the 2D cinemas.The cinemas once again took note, and since Polar Express was released in 2004, 3D digital films have become more and more prominent.IMAX are no longer the only cinemas capable of displaying digital 3D films. A large proportion of conventional cinemas have made the switch to digital, this switch has enabled 3D films to be exhibited in a large range of cinemas.CHAPTER 8 3D TECHNOLOGIES8.1 3D capture and display methods to each one different type of stereoscopic display projects the combined left and right images together onto a flat surface, usually a television or cinema screen. The viewer then must have a method of decoding this image and separating the combined image into left and right images and relaying these to the correct eye. The method that is used to split this image is, in the majority of cases, a pair of glasses.There are two brackets of encoding method, passive and active. Passive means that the images are combined into one and then the glasses split this image in to two separate images for left and right eye. In this method the glasses are cheaper to produce and the expense usually comes in the equipment used to project the image. The second method is active display. This method works by sending the alternative images in a very quick succession (L-R-L-R-L-R), the glasses then periodically block the appropriate eye piece, this is done at such a fast rate that it appears to be continuous in both eyes.There are various different types of encoding encapsulated within each of the two methods mentioned above.The encoding can use either colour separation (anaglyph, Dolby 3D), time separation (active glasses) or polarisation (RealD). A separate method, which does not require the use of glasses is done by using a virtual space in front of the screen and is called autosterescopic.In cinemas across the world at the moment there are several formats that are used to display 3D films. Three of the main distributors are Real-D, iMAX and Dolby-3D.Once a 3D film ha s been end by the studios, it then needs to be prepared for exhibition in various different formats, this can include amongst other things colour grade and anti ghosting processes.At present there is not a universally agreed format for capturing or playing back 3D films, as a result there are several different versions, these are explained below.A large majority of the latest wave of 3D technology options send the image using one projector, so removing the old problem of out sync left and right images. The methods that do use dual projectors are much more sophisticated that the older versions used in anaglyphic films so have eradicated the old problems of out of sync projectors.8.2 Gho

The Growth of Islamic Financial Services in UK

The Growth of Moslem pecuniary go in UK in that respect is huge po ecstasytial for an expansion of Moslem offerings in the UK monetary securities industryplace places, which allow for boost Londons position as an international financial centre. (Callum McCarthy,2007)BackgroundIslam is a divine religion and provides guidance for all walks of life. Muslims atomic number 18 presently nerve-wracking to revitalize the Moslem laws in all fields of life. Especially scotch field is in great focus. In 1980s midriff eastward Muslim countries again tries to put in practice the Moslem financial Muslim laws 1st time and set the foundations for Muslim beaching and pay for the world. afterwards that Muslim financial services grew rattling fast non simply Muslim countries alone also in Non-Muslim countries. According to FSA ( rely of England and the monetary run Authority) briefing note (2006) currently Moslem entrusting and finance is ontogeny from 10% to 15% e truly year in international trade and the main suit of this egression is that Muslim population in Western world and Moslem produces atomic number 18 socially responsible.According to Shayerah Ilias (2009) sharia law or Muslim laws atomic number 18 the bases of Muslim finance. sharia prohibits interest, un definitety, adherence to jeopardize-sharing and pelf-sharing and promote ethical enthronisation and addition backing. S. Ilias (2009) also claimed that currently there is 10% to 15% yearbook growth in international mart for Moslem finance because some look intoers argued that Moslem finance brings lots of business opportunities and alternative methods for capital formation and economical development. Among the Western world the demand of Moslem financial market is in particular growing in North America and UK, although Muslims atomic number 18 in nonage there. According to FSA briefing notes (2006) FSA approved license for the 1st neary Shariah compliance bevel Islamic Bank of Britain (IBB) in 2004 and this banking concern sells Islamic products in consumer market. In 2006 FSA licensed European Islamic Investment Bank that was the 1st independent Shariah compliant enthronisation bank in UK.Aims and objectivesConsidering the above mentioned historical background of Islamic banking and finance in UK the proposed dissect aims to advance investigate and search how Islamic banking and finance grew in UK market. canvas ordain look the motives behind this fast growth and the quarrels. Research volition further investigate and explore the future reaching of Islamic finance in UK. In another(prenominal) world the objective of the search isTo explore the growth of Islamic banking and financial services in UK.To key out divulge which Islamic products are jetly sold in UK financial marketTo explore the reason divulges of growth of Islamic finance in UKTo identify the future possibilities for Islamic banking and finance in UK financial MarketTo identify the challenges for Islamic banking and finance in UKTo meet these objectives proposed research allow for answer the quest questionsWhether Islamic banking is growing in Western countries like UK?What kind of Islamic products are commonly sold in UK financial market?What is the forthcoming of Islamic Banking in UK?What kind of challenges Islamic banking and finance can hardihood in Western world particularly in UK?Literature come offIslamic bankingIsmail Tohirin (2010) argued that Muslims around the world spend their lives under Islamic Rules which are defined by The Holy Book of Quran that is called Shariah law. In Shariah law, all type of interest in Islamic banking products and Islamic finance is forbidden. In Islamic banking, no interest is removed only if time value of bullion and risk considered very of the essence(p) and evasive action its part. Customers and Islamic banking work to parther on the basis of risk sharing. two share risk s which are already check up ond on the terms of investment, loot and losses.According to Laldin (2008) Interest is forbidden in investment of alcohol, pornography and betting. some other banks cannot help Islamic banks or Islamic banks cannot tie help to lend. there are assorted types of Islamic products available for customers. Ijara and Murabha are considered very important products.Historical Background of growth of Islamic banking in UKAccording to FSA (Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority) briefing note (2006) 3% population of UK are Muslims and nigh half million Muslim visitors regularly visits UK. These facts are the major reason of growth in Islamic banking and finance. Many UK high street bank are offering current accounts and mortgages done Islamic windows. The report further claimed that in Western world the first fully fledged Shahriah bank Islamic Bank of Briton was introduced in 2004 in UK with FSA authorization. London is a major financial cen ter for international firms and Middle Easts banks that offer Islamic products. This also confirms that Islamic finance is growing from 10% to 15% annually at global level.Shayerah Ilias (2009) claimed that internationally modern Islamic finance introduced in 1970s. There is no doubt that currently Islamic has a very small but growing market in global financial market and estimated annual growth rate of Islamic finance is 10% to 15% in last 10 years. He further claimed that Islamic bonds (Sukuk) are gaining popularity in global market. $ 70 million worth Islamic bonds are in global financial market and up to $ blow millions are expected in 2010. Global growth of Sukuk from 2004-2007 is approximately to a greater extent than five folds. This is shown by the following figure(Source Shayerah Ilias, 2009, Islamic Finance Overview and constitution Concern, DIANEPublishing)Ismail and Tohirin, (2010) also claimed that the growth of Islamic banks is 10-15% per year and there is strong an tepast that it go forth grow further. The recent assign crisis gave further boost to Shariah compliant banking and finance. There are 300 different Islamic Institutions in 51 different countries of the world. The amount of total assets hold by Islamic banks is 822 billion US dollars. In addition, there are 250 mutual capital works around the world which are completely complying with the Islamic banking and financial system. According to CIMB Group Holding Analysis, the rate of growth of Islamic banking and finance is fast than any other financial institution. The rate of growth of Islamic bonds is nearly 24% with the total amount of 25 billion US dollars in 2010. The network of Islamic banking is not only constrained in the Muslim world but it is also spread in different continent and different developed world including America and United Kingdom.Principles of Islamic Banking and Islamic productsThe purpose of Islamic banking is same as main bombard banking system except that it is in accordance with the laws of Shariah. The transactions in Islamic banking system are done with the help of Islamic banking system. The most common terms used in Islamic banking are Riba (interest), Mudarabah (Profit sharing), safekeeping (Wadiah), Musharakah (Joint Venture) Ijara (leasing) Tufakil (Insurance). (Hassan and Lewis, 2007)Islamic MortgagesThe banks first purchase the property and and because sell it to its customer. Here Islamic banks are not acting as a third party. They get ownership of the property and deal with the customer as first open party. The banks go ownership of property to its customer from very first day. As bank income is implicit and banks do not charge some additive amount on the late brookments. To avoid the bankruptcy, the banks do extensive tell of reference book worthiness and security measures. This type of agreement is called Murabha. Another show up is called Ijara this acquire is same like real estate and mostly apply on the lea sing of vehicle. The customer is charged higher for the product then market value of product. The ownership of product is given at the time of full honorarium. (Hassan and Lewis, 2007)Partnership (Musharakah)In this type of product the bank and borrowing party make a partnership entity. They both invest in the property. The borrower then gives property at the rent and gets rental income. At this stage bank and borrower both project shares in the property. The borrower then starts to pay the money at the greed amount and banks shares reduce with each instalment. This will carry on until borrower gets all the shares of property for the bank. (Benamraoui, 2008)In case of default both bank and borrower will get the proceeds from sales in certain ploughshare which is equal to floating market rates, on the basis of BLR (basic lending rate). This is particularly applicable in the banking system is dual in nature.Mudarabah (venture capital)In this contract one party provides the finance for a despatch while other party provides required effectiveise and labour force. Both the parties get agree in the beginning of contract in case of wage from the exteriorise who much will be share of both parties and if project gets failed then in what proportion they will share the shock of loss. Here expert company does not promise to pay certain amount of money back. Rather than that they keep an uncertainty. The logical justification for that is the future is uncertain. A project which is looking very good and there is strong expectation that it will give positive cash flow from the beginning can get wrong and result into loss. On the other hand, uncertain external environment can make a very weak project to a good positive cash generator. In such circumstances, it is not likely for any organization to promise that they will definitely give certain amount of money. (Hassan and Lewis, 2007)In modern banking system, banks normally promise with the investor that they will g ive them certain amount of money. If due to internal or external economic reason, they get failed, they get to to apply for bankruptcy. In this case investors lose square sum of money. It means if someone makes a promise that they will pay them certain money is actually lie. Islamic banks do not involve in such guarantees. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010)Islamic Credit CardsIslamic reference point posters are accepted in all over the world. These are getting more and more popular due to their benefits which holder of card get and not available through the cards of main teem banks. The holders of card will not bedevil to pay the interest if payment is made before due date. The second benefit of Islamic recognition card is that the cardholder can pay Zakat and Takaful online through this card. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010)Bai Al-Inahl, Quardul Hassan and Al-Wadiah can be apply in Islamic credit card transactions. In this way, Islamic credit cards are complied with the Shariah products. The main stream banks are not providing any of such facilities. The transaction make through Islamic credit cards are interest free and have fixed profit margin if payment on the credit card is late. It does not intricate up once payment is not made in time as traditional banks are doing. (Ismail and Tohirin, 2010)Sukuk(Islamic Bond)These are Islamic financial certificates or in other word, these are Islamic bonds. The investors in the bond do not get the fixed rate of return on investment as interest is prohibited in Islamic economics. The Islamic bonds are classified into tradability and Non-tradability. The total worth of Islamic bonds in next ten years framework would be 1.2 trillion US dollars. The holder of these bonds profit at the rate as the investor is returning to issuer Company. The issuer of bonds set the terms and conditions of its shares in profit. However, investors also share some risk of loss. To avoid the risk the investment project is carefully monitored in the beginning of contract and during the life wheel around of project. (Laldin, 2008)Main drivers of GrowthM. Ainley et al (2007) argued that there are six main reasons of growth of Islamic financial services in UKNo fenceof GrowthExplanation1Global expansionIslamic finance is growing very fast in the world. Islamic banking 1st introduces in 1060s in Middle East and grows very fast and now its market size is approximately 250bn globally and nearly 300 financial institutions are offering Islamic financial products. This fast growth has affect UK market too2Liquid MarketsLondons financial market is very flexible, advanced and liquid. UK financial industry is very famous for developing and delivering new financial products3Islamic windowsMany global banks and financial institutes are working in Middle East and South East Asian countries and have gained a very experience of local market where Islamic banking is growing very fast. So these international banks like Citi, HSBC etc have esta blished Islamic windows that sell Islamic products with their normal routine business.4Excess fluidness in Middle EastExcessive Liquidity in the Middle East countries have encouraged the growth of Islamic as come up as conventional assets and local financial markets are not clear enough to manage financial activities and large investors starting considering international financial markets.5Public policy and regulationUK government also have changed public policy and taxation and developed a taxation policy that is both applicable for both Islamic and conventional financial products6Single financial regulatorUK government have developed 11 different financial regulators into one by introducing the Bank of England and the Financial Services Authority (FSA) that has increased the result in improved access to Islamic banks and Islamic financial products(Source M. Ainley et al, 2007, Islamic Finance in the UK Regulation and Challenges, Financial Service Authority accessed from http//w ww.fsa.gov.uk)Challenges for Islamic finance in UKAccording to Clive Briault (2007) currently Islamic banks are facing the same challenges as conventional banking but there are some risks which are affecting Islamic banks only. only he mentioned two challenges in particularRisk ManagementClive Briault (2007) argued that it is very difficult to manage risk for Islamic finance because many risk management tools that are used by conventional banks or firms are not compliant to Shariah. So there is a big challenge for Islamic finance to develop the tools for risk management. He used the lawsuit of Mudaraba and claimed that this product have the same effects in term of runniness as conventional banks interbank deposit and FSA have concern that how Islamic banks will manage risk for that products.Diverse opinion among Shariah scholarsClive Briault (2007) also claimed that second main concern about Islamic banking is that there is a struggle in opinion among Shariah scholars about the different products and FSA a laic regulator not religious so it is difficult for FSA to determine which product is Islamic product and which is not.Research Gap and significanceThere is no doubt that Islamic Banking and finance is a very hot root word in Western world. Many detectives have presented the growth history and mentioned the annual growth rate of Islamic finance in UK. But little focus is given on the reason of this fast growth, its consequences and what will be possibilities for Islamic finance in future in UK finance market and what could be the challenges for Islamic products in UK. So proposed research will critically review the instruction provided in literature and will explore the workable reasons of this fast growth and will also try to figure out the possibilities of future growth and challenges in UK market.Research MethodologyThe title of the research suggest that researcher is exploring the growth of Islamic finance in UK, so proposed study will be expl oratory research in which research will explore the available literature to find out how Islamic finance make its way in UK financial market and how it have been growing till now. Researcher will further explore through research papers and FSA reports and articles that what could be the future reach for the Islamic finance and banking. Researcher will also try to find common Islamic products offered in UK financial market through Islamic banks or Islamic windows and what could be the possible challenges for the Islamic finance.Secondary DataAccording to Fowler (2008) lowly entropy is a info that is taken from already available data that is collected by other researchers or government agencies for their own purposes. The sources of that data is any kind of published material in form of books, articles, researcher papers, reports etc.As mentioned above that proposed study is exploratory in nature, so auxiliary data collection method will be better(p) because Islamic banking and finance is very hot topic in the west especially in UK and many Muslim and Western scholars are try to figure out the future of Islamic finance. It is also mentioned in literature review that researchers claim that Islamic finance is the most growing vault of heaven in international financial market.So for exploring all these reality secondary research will be best and researcher will explore already published research and will identify the future scope and challenges for Islamic finance in UK market.Qualitative advanceFor proposed study soft approach will be adopted to explain, interpret and analyze the information gathered through secondary sources. Researcher will try to find out the trends and patterns from available information softly to understand the possible scope and challenges for Islamic finance in UK.Denscomb M (2007) argued that in qualitative approach data is presented in haggle and images. This approach is adopted where researcher deals will problems related t o social sciences or researcher try to explain the points victimization words or images.In proposed research, researcher is also using words and images to explore and explain the facts regarding Islamic finance. But researcher will not restrict him/herself to qualitative approach and will also use total and figures if needed. So researcher will mostly rely on qualitative approach but also can use qualitative data. vicenary approachAccording to Denscomb M (2007) in qualitative approach data is collected or analyzed using numbers or figures.

Impacts of Child Labour in Developing Countries

Impacts of pip-squeak elbow grease in Developing CountriesWhat argon the causes and mos of youngster push back amongst developing countriesThe kidskin tug as a genial and stinting phenomenon has many aspects the most(prenominal) important of which seems to be the low train of monetary growth that characterizes several(prenominal)(prenominal) countries which are commonly cognize as developing. This cover illust sites the conditions that created the necessity of the baby bird toil, and at the same prison term it presents the consequences of this situation as they send away be observed through a series of item hatful and other instances of empirical manifest that fix been collected by the pertinent sources of scientific interrogation.The analysis of the occupation, as exposit to a superiorer place, is followed by the presentation of a number of policies, which could succor thelimitation of the task to the most feasible level. The research through on this precise business has revealed the organism of a high tawdriness of pertinent theories as well as of statistical entropy that down likewise been use to support the occurrent paper.. IntroductionThe trouble of the sister repulse has become a very important subjectof enquiry and research by the most of the internationalinstitutions especially the last decade. The reason for that is non the absence of this problem in the past but the development of the technology and the discourse just close to the conception that gave the opportunity for a series of long-lasting affable problems to become cognize to the international community. The extension and theimportance of the special(prenominal) problem are severe obstacles towards its excreting.On the other hand, the creation of an international legal frame playact asit has been expressed by the establishment of authorized bodies and the signing of a series of supposes and Conventions, can considered as an important step towards the achievement of a origin.We have to nonice though that the best possible policy to thatdirection would have to compromise with the existence and the sizing ofthe problem avoiding to set targets that could not be achieved. Under the current band, the electric razor jade cannot dis expect from the scene it can just be reduce to a true level (as this one is formulated by the social and financial conditions of each coun return).The chief(prenominal) aim of this paper is to provide a detailed examination of the problem backed with a series of relevant selective information and other empirical depict. The analysis of the current situation, as described in Chapter II, begins with the presentation of the background of the problem followed by statistical data and the views stated in the literature regarding the definition and the remark of baby bird get the picture amongst developing countries.The policies that can be applied for the limitation of the problem are being presented in Chapter III. The investigation of the facts and the deals that created the phenomenon of the pip-squeak roil cannot be achieved without the use of the literature (Chapter IV) that has been dealt with the limited numerate mainly during the last years.The state that has been used to identify and interpret the problem,is presented in Chapter V. Finally, Chapter VI contains brief remarks on the problem as they have been point slightcted from the research enduree.II. The shaver labour in the international community background, definition and areas of pip-squeakren exploitationThe period in which electric razor labour appeared as a social truthfulness cannot be delimitate with accuracy. There are perspicacitys that relate the beginning of the problem with the industrial revolution whereas other ones state that the shaver labour had foremost appeared in the ordinal century. From an investigation that took place in Britain in June 1832, it seems that the ph enomenon of sister labour was known at that period and key outred to small fryren tempting as laborers mainly to federal agenties but too to other bloodline activities. The to a higher place investigation (as it is analytically presented in Basu, K., 1999, 1088) was supervised by a British Parliamentary Committee and had as main subject the barbarian labour in the United Kingdom at that period. Although Britain was in a rather high rank regarding the pip-squeak labour which can be pardoned by the fact that England was infra development at that period of clipping other countries that besides had a remarkable industrial development likethe Belgium, the regular army and the Japan, presented a similar image regardingthe make of small fryren in the multiple sectors of patience (see withal K.Basu, 1999, 1088-89).Moreover, the data collected for the measurement of the relevantpractices during the 19th century showed that churl labour did notstart declining in Britain an d in United States until the number halfof that century (L.F. Lopez-Calva, 2001, 64).The dimensions of the problem of child labour can create an important concern or so the level of the life that a roundabout of children face but also about the financial situation of a large majority of families around the world. According to data collected by the internationalist Labor composition (ILO), thither are approximately 250 million working children aged amongst 5 and 14, of which at least 120 million are mixed in full-time work that is both hazardous and exploitative (seealso T. I. Palley, 2002).Although the alleged(prenominal) developed countries have shown samples of tolerance regarding the child labour, the areas that seem to cultivate the problem are those with low level of stinting and industrial growth. In a relevant research make by D.K. Brown (2001) it seems that the major factor for the existence of the problem is the poverty. The capital commercialise failure of a speci fic country (as it is expressed tothe every day aspects of life, like the low level of shallow daying) isconsidered as other important element that co-operates the appearance and the extension of the phenomenon.When harangue for child labour we unremarkably refer to any work by childrenthat interferes with their physical and psychic development , i.e. anywork that keeps the child a modality from puerility cerebrate activities(Chandrasekhar, 1997). The above definition although containing a prevalent view of the child labour, it cannot be applied under allcircumstances bearing in mind that a lot of differences whitethorn appear inthe context of childhood link up activities in dependance with the country and the ethnic processs. In this case, a more specific description of child labour is considered as necessary. M. Majumdar(2001) divides the child labour into the following categories a) the dwelling work, b) non-domestic and non-monetary work, c) wage labour and d) commerc ial sexual exploitation and bonded labour.The child labour can be applied in many areas. As an indicative object lessonwe can refer to the report of the National Consumers Leage (NCL) which divides the possible areas of child labour into the followingcategories (refering to specific routine activities and regarding thedanger that they include) agriculture (is the most dangerous industryfor the young workers), working alone and late-night work in retail(most deaths of young workers in this industry are robbery-relatedhomicides), construction and work at heights (deaths and serious injury subject from working at heights 6 feet and above.The most common typesof fatal falls are falls from jacket crowns, ladders and scaffolds or staging),driver/operator of forklifts and tractors (tractor-related accidentsare the most prevalent cause of agricultural fatalities in the U.S.A.),traveling early days crews (defined as youth who are recruited to sellcandy, magazine subscribtions and other i tems door-to-door or on streetcorners, these youth operate under dangerous conditions and areunsupervised) (Occupational Hazards, Aug2004)III. Policies towards the limitation of the problemA fundamental measure for the limitation of the child labour is thecreation of legislating that would impose a minimum work age and yearsof compulsory education. Although this solution seems rather in itsdesigning, in practice its quite laborious to operate . The needs ofthe everyday life can a good deal outperform the power of the legal rules, which have been structured usually after(prenominal) the examination and the analysis of specific events and cannot confront the problem to its whole area.One of the main problems that a family usually faces is the change inthe working situation of its (adult) members and the financial pressurethat usually follows. Of course, thither is always the solution of funding (especially when the general financial foodstuff of a country offers such an option) . However, there are occasions that such an alternative cannot operate any because the country do not feed such a plan or the specific family do not have access to this plan.Under these circumstances, it could still be possible for the septto smash internal assets. The presence of the father in a household, thepresence of an older soulfulness in the household or the capacity of the mother to enter into the market in order of magnitude to work or proceed to another type of work (in a personal enterprise), all the above can be variables that can support the assets of a family even if the latter is suffered from strong financial difficulties (see also D. K. Brown, 2001, 766).Despite the theoretical character of the command, there could beother measures , more applicable and feasible to be realized. Aneffort that has such a character is the increased expenditure on books,supplies, buildings and teacher training as it has been pursued by several governments (D. K. Brown, 772).I n cases that the child labour cannot be avoided, there could be somemeasures to both to protect the children and help them to continuetheir school (while keep on working). The design of specific schedules that would allow the children to at be school after their work could be prove very helpful towards this direction. Of course, such a plan contains a lot of requirements that need to be met .As an example we could mention the sufficiency of resources (teachers) that could workfor the extra time needed and at the same time the existence of afinancial strategy (and of the relevant money) for the payment of these resources. On the other hand, a problem that may arise is the lack ofequipment or capital for the premises of the school to be open forextra hours. And we cannot forget the danger that may be related withthe attention late at night (especially in the case of the paper thedeveloping countries).The phenomenon of the child labor has been examined and analyzed to the highes t possible point by the use of the observation and theresearch in accordance with the existing legislation and the general rules that have been introduced from several countries aiming to the limitation of the problem.One of the most important studies regarding the child labour is this ofK. Basu and P. H. van (1998) who tried to find and analyze the causesof this specific problem. After studying the results of the empiricalevidence they came to the destination that child labour was notconnected exclusively with external factors (i.e. employers) but it was mostly the result of internal (in the family) ends and facts.Towards that direction, K. Basu and P. H. Van examined foremost the view that child labour has been instal on the greed of employers who employthe children and the parents who move the children to work.The above statement is first examined by the fact that in families, which can afford the non-work of children (i.e. when the income of the parents isconsidered as su fficient), the parents try to avoid sending theirchildren to work. This phenomenon appears even in very poor countries.Under the former aspect, the child labour is connected with thefinancial situation of the family (usually income of parents) and not the interests of the employers. This trust of the atomic number 82 familys consumption is also backed, according to K. Basu and P. H. Van, by the analysis of late nineteenth-century cencus data for Philadelphia whichwas made by Claudia Goldin in 1979.According to this analysis, when the income of the father is high the probability that the child will enter the labour market is low and this relation operates in a very tight interaction (the higher the wage of the father, the refuse thechance of such a fact to get realized). another(prenominal) empirical evidence that seems to back the views of K. Basu and P. H. Van comes from a research that was made on this affair (connection betwixt the familys decision and the child labour) by D. Vincent who studied propertyless autobiographies.The results of his study showed that the children when working avoid to blame their parents but they tilt to debate that it was the poverty that imposed their participation in the labour market.K. Basu and P. H. Van examined the government electric outlet of the role of the familys decision to the child labour under the assumption that the decision ismade by a parent.They also admit that the results of their study may differ in case that this decision is made by another person (as stated by the theories which ask for the rejection of the unitary model of the household).Regarding the role of the familys decision to the child labour, J. G.Scoville presented a model of the above decision based on the use of mathematical symbols in order to contain the real facts. In his model, there are factors (such as the social or economic class, race,ethnicity, caste or color) that define the family utility function andin this way they can c ause important implications to labour market segmentation (J. G. Scoville, 715)Regarding the existence and the extension of the child labour, M.Murshed states that two are the basic come forths that need to be examined in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the problem. The first national includes the mechanisms under which the family decides to send a child at work. The second one is the reason for which the employers demand child laborers.In order to explain the first turn up, M. Murshed uses the theory ofBeckers, known as A theory of the tryst of Time, which presents a model for studying the household decision-making process. In the above model Beckers draw outs that the decision of the family is based to the needs of the household.Whenever an extra income is consideredas necessary, family decides to send the child at work. In this model both wages of children and adults kick in to family resources.As for the second issue, M. Murshed (179) argues that employer tend to demand child laborers because they are less aware of their rights,less troublesome, more willing to take orders and to do monotonous work without complaining. Another factor is also that children work for get wages and are not in a labour union because they work illegally. M. precentor and B. Berdugo (2002, 811) examined the dynamic evolution of child labour, fertility and valet de chambre capital in the process of development.Their analysis is based on the following assumptions a)parents control their childrens time and allocate it between labourand human capital formation, b) parents flush about the forthcomingearnings of their children, c) the income that is generated by children is given to parents and that d) child rearing is time intensive. According to their findings, in early stages of development, the economy is in a development trap while child labour is abundant, fertility is high and output per capita is low. On the other hand, the increase in the wage different ial coefficient (between parental and childlabour) decreases fertility and child labour and increases childrenseducation. As a last(a) result, child labour tends to decrease as thehouseholds habituation on child labours income diminishes.The welfare economic science coming tries to examine the child labour from the scope of investment and time apportioning within the household. According to this theory, the time of the child (the non-leisure one)can be used either for school attendance and/or for work. The family makes a decision for the allocation of the childs time (i.e. for one of the above mention activities) after the reckoning of the difference between the marginal benefit of the child labour (i.e.earnings and salvage woos of schooling) and the marginal cost (in terms of foregone return to human capital investment). If the first of the above elements is estimated as having a higher set than the second one, then the family decides the participation of the child to the labour market (see also M. Majumdar, 2001).The decision of the parents regarding the ingress of their children tothe labour market can under certain circumstances be unefficient.According to Ballard and Robinson (2000) the above decisions areefficient when the credit market is perfect and the intergenerational unselfish transfers are nonzero. On the other hand, when there are liquidity constraints or the altruistic transfers are at a corner,these decisions are considered as inefficient. A. Bommier and P. Dubois(2004) critically evaluated the views of Ballard and Robinson andargued that the decisions of the parents could be inefficient even ifthe credit markets are perfect and there are altruistic transfers. More specifically, they argued that when parents are not altruistic enough,there is a rotten parents effect in which parents rationally sacrifice some childhood utility and choose a level of child labour that is inefficiently high.V. Evidence related with the phenomenon of ch ild labourThe child labour has been the subject of a thorough study and research and there are a lot of theories that have been stated in aneffort to define the causes of the specific problem. Towards thisdirection there have been a number of facts or existing situations thathave been used to explain the relation of the child labour with somespecific factors . One of the most known reasons for the existence andthe increase of the problem is the poverty of the household which is related with the general aspect of the modern way of life (as it hasbeen formulated under the influence of the technology) and also the fact that parents when have a low level of income do not tend to invest in the education of their children in order to achieve a high level of return (education can help to the improvement of the status of life through the increase of the level of consumption).We could also state that the income of the children can help toameliorate the conditions of life of the family and th is could be thereason why the children tend to leave the school and work when their family is under severe financial pressure. This is an opinion that tries to explain the child labour through the life circumstances of a child and aims to smooth the negative consequences of the child labour.Although the poverty is usually presented as the main reason for thechild labour , there are some aspects that need to be taken intoaccount when examining the problem. First of all, we cannot define withaccuracy the financial benefit of a family from a childs work. Of course, child labour can help to the amelioration of the familys financial situation, however it is not obvious how more than worse off afamily would be if the children were in school. On the other hand, we could not specify the time needed for the economic development to beachieved in order for the child labour to be abolished. More specifically it seems that there is no consistent threshold of economic development, which preceded the decline of child labour to suggest the implied consanguinity between economic growth and declice of child labour (M. Majumdar).In such a case, the argument about the poverty criterion of child labour can loose its significant content. We should notice that, no matter which is the financial situation of the family,even in cases of exremely low level of sustentation, the participation of thechild to a work that could characterized as hazardous cannot bejustified as the protection of the childs rights are a priority.Moreover, the child labour although can help temporarily to theconfrontation of the poverty up to a specific point however, it canalso create the introduction for the development of property by generatingpoor people to the next generation. If the child returns to school theyhave more chances to a higher level of earnings in the future or at aleast to a job that will secure their living to certain standards(avoiding the condition of poverty). The combination of th ese two factors could also create a better investment and a greater security of income for the family by eliminating the obstacles of poverty.The relationship between the poverty and the child labour is not absolutely proved. S.E. Dessy and D. Vencatachellum examined the issue using a sample of 83 countries and found that the coefficient of correlation between the incidence of child labour and the logarithm of gross national ingathering is 0.74. In this way, they were directed to the assumption that child labour declines with economic prosperity, as parents feel relaxed regarding the credit constraints.However, at a next level, they found that there are countries with similar levels of gross domestic product per capita that differ in the percentage of child labour. In fact, some of them report no child labour, where as others report a high level. This assumption is also in accordance withthe view of Anker (2000) who stated that although poverty is positively correlated with child l abour, there are also other factors that can reduce the school enrolment rate of a country.Hussain M. and Maskus K.E (2003) used a series of data from 64 countries in the period 1960 1980 to investigate a series of testable hypotheses about the causes of child labour. Their research showed that the incidence of child labour is negatively related to parental huma ncapital and education quality, but it is positively correlated with education cost and also that countries with higher amounts of child labour tend to have lower stocks of human capital in the future. They also found that there is a convergence phenomenon between the level and growth of human capital, i.e. the lower the current stock of human capital, the higher is current child-labour use and the fasted is the growth rate of human capital.G. Hazarika and A. S. Bedi (2003), examined the relationship between the schooling cost and the extra household child labour supply and found that these two elements are positively relat ed. Moreover, the intra-household labour of children engaged in market work evaluated as insensitive to changes in schooling costs. This happens maybe,according to Hazarika and Bedi because parents tend to consider childrens extra household labour and schooling as substitutes while they view intra household child labour activity differently. But if the parents could evaluate the intra-household child labour as an activity that offers more benefits than just an increase of the household consumption, then it could be a relationship between the intra-household child labour and the schooling costs. As for Pakistan(where this research refers) the intra-household child labour and schooling are not substitutes.We should also mention the importance of social norms and the cultureto the appearance and the extension of the child labour. The above analysis has to be done under different variables for the rural areas as opposite to the urban areas. nestlingren that live in the first environme nt tend to help to the everyday activities in the farm and asa result, their work under these circumstances is presented as justified and necessary. As for the social norms, their role is considered as very important to the financial growth, as they have to power to influence the economic and social behaviour of the vastmajority of people. The most indicative example of their influence isthe fact that in areas where the work of children is accepted by thepeople, then the decision of a parent to send his child to work can bemuch more easy.Another very important aspect of the child labour is that is usually associated with the child abuse. Under this aspect, the reasons for the participation of the children to the labour market can be found in the demand of employers for cheap laborers and in the existence of selfish parents who do not mind sending their children to work if in that way there are more chances for them (parents) to rest. According to K.Basu and P. H. Van, although the child abuse does occur in allsocieties, the phenomenon of the child labour as a mass in most of developing countries is much more related with the poverty that characterises these countries. They refer to the example of England(late eighteenth and early nineteenth century) where parents had to send their children to work because they were obligated from the circumstances (poverty) to do so.VI. ConclusionThe existence and the rapid extension of the phenomenon of child labour seems to be connected with the a series of external factors(like the low economic growth or the unadequate social policies of aspecific country) however it can be untrue by the analysis made abovethat it is also directly depended on the childs close social environment, i.e the family. Its for this reason that the measures taken towards its elimination have to be referred into both these areas. The two sides have to co-operate and act simultaneously in order to confront this very important problem.The solution (a s it is often presented) of the child labour has to be interpreted under different criteria regarding the specific circumstances that it will have to occur. Although in certain occasions the entrance of the child in the labour market seems to be the only remaining choice, we have to bear in mind its particular physic and mental weakness (that follows its age) and evaluate the consequences for such a decision. In any case, we have to consider that a workplace that operates normally with the use of adult laborers can have negative effects when the issue refers to a child.Although the problem of the child labour is very important to its nature and its extension, the measures taken to its elimination dont seem to produce any result. The conflict of interests towards its continuation has a great responsibility to it. And these interests refer to different parties (external and internal as mentioned above).This reality must be admitted and the efforts should be directed to the modificati on of the existing conditions nerve-wracking not to confront directly the problem but asking the parties problematical to participate to its solution by offering them a satisfactory tack for their help.ReferencesAdmassie, A., Explaining the high incidence of child labour inSub-Saharan Africa, Development Review, Dec2002, vol. 14, issue 2, p.251Amin, S., Shakil, Quayes, M., Rives, J. 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