PTLLS Unit 012 Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning Essay

Produce 1 Written Rationale of 1000 words for all areas of research in 1 to 3. 1.1 Analyse how types of assessment are used in lifelong learning: â€Å"Assessments should be a regular process; it might not always be formalised, but you should be observing what your learners are doing, asking questions and reviewing their progress throughout their time with you†. Gravells A. Page 113. Assessments are used to track not only learner but tutor progress. Below I have documented some utilised in my everyday teaching life: Initial Assessment Undertaken prior to a lesson or course is delivered and helps direct my session planning to meet learner’s expectations. Ideally this identifies prior knowledge, individual learner’s current levels and any special requirements. Undertaken using a combination of the following: * Observations * One-to-one evaluation ‘Is the learner is on the right course’ ‘Will they successfully complete all requirements to pass this course’. * Competency tests (Functional Skills). Is there is any weakness? Additional modules to aid the learner. Formative Assessment An on-going process taking place during sessions taking the form of: * Quizzes and puzzles. Helps ascertain knowledge absorption. * Verbal question and answers. Helps see if the learners comprehend the topic. * Journals. To help the record feelings, what went right and what can be improved on. This helps me assess teaching to the correct level or beneficial I adjustments to my plan and methods. * Observations. I can walk around the room and observe the learner’s work. Summative Assessments Carried out at the end of a course to measure how much has been retained usually through: * End of course formal tests or exams. To see what they have learnt. * Portfolio: This is a collect ion of the learners work throughout the course. 1.2 Analyse how assessment methods are used in lifelong learning: To identify what prior knowledge a learner has, I would create a self-assessment questionnaire that requires specific answers, (tick boxes). I would then build this into my session plans. Diaries or Learning Journals are used to document on-going learning from each session. Progress is measured and any gaps in teaching or learning addressed. Simulation is used to see if learners are able to understand instructions and reproduction of what they have seen or heard in everyday life situations. Assignments evaluate how well learners are able to research particular subjects then put their findings into words. Discussions are a good vehicle for assessment and understanding when other methods may be difficult to manage. Peer feedback where fellow learners give their comments and ask questions for clarity. 1.3 Evaluate strengths and limitations of assessments methods to meet individual leaner needs: Quizzes and puzzles can be used informally to assess if learning is taking place. However if the purpose is to measure individual learning the questions need to be varied. The most effective way is to have the assessment computer generated though this is not always possible if the correct software or facility is not available. Diaries aid literacy and language skills. The learner would also be able to reflect back on what they have learnt; building their confidence to self-assess. In order for this to work, there needs to be clear aims and objectives. A portfolio is a formal way to gather evidence produced over a period of time covering all topics taught. This needs to be checked for things such as plagiarism and if information used is current and correctly referenced. Role play is another assessment method. The learners are given a scenario from their lesson which they have the opportunity to act out linking theory to practice. There needs to be clear explanation given, this can be time consuming and not all learners may feel comfortable playing roles. Examinations can assess what learners have retained by just recalling information. The down side of this is that learners may have only been taught what is needed to pass the exam and not retain any of the other theories they may need at a later stage. 2.1 Evaluate how to involve learners in the assessment process: As a tutor I will carry out various methods of assessment to maintain continuous improvement; I also involve my learners in the process. By giving my learners clear guide lines they undertake peer to peer assessments, where they give verbal feedback to each other. This stimulates focus on the subject being taught; encourages communication skills and the discovery of common ground. Sometimes comments coming from a peer can be better received than from the tutor. Checking their own work and progress through self-assessment is useful as this gives learners an opportunity to step back and reflect on their objectives and whether they’ve attained them. I also conduct one to one tutorials in an informal manner where we discuss objectives, progress and development. This demonstrates positive and individual inclusion. As stated by Wilson L. (2009). page112 â€Å"Assessment is a term given to checking that learning has occurred. It may happen at any stage during the learner’s progress through their qualification†. Assessments are also a tool to motivate and boost the confidence of learners. 2.2 Analyse the role of peer and self –assessment in the assessment process: Peer assessments are a good means of confirming and sharing ideas. During teaching sessions I am able to describe my observations and justify how I reached conclusions. My peers may agree or get me to look at what I’ve expressed in a different way thus through discussion we come to a consensus. Looking at peer assessment on my micro-teach session. I was pleased with the feedback. It clearly showed what I am confident in; what I need to improve on and what I should consider for future delivery. Their feedback was encouraging and it has confirms I have made the correct decision career-wise. I found putting into practice what I already know with what I have learnt over the past few weeks very useful. There were some challenges I had when creating my own micro-teach session, this is all part of the learning process for me. Both during but predominately as session come to an end I to do a mental self- assessment leading to putting down my own thoughts on paper to aid improvement going forward. 3.1 Explain the need to keep records of assessment learning: Assessments should be documented create evidence of learning, how it is evaluated and progress made. Records also serve for the purpose of verification for audits, for quality assurance and for regulatory bodies. * Assessment tracking can be used to show development and learners requirements being met. * Feedback and action records are used to show that a learner has had feedback, what was agreed and when it is carried out. * Learning styles results will aid with inclusiveness when reviewing or creating session plans. * Enrolment forms to confirm the learner’s details, emergency contact, whether they are permitted to study and what the learner signed up for. 3.2 Summarise requirements for keeping records in an organisation: All government, legal and organisational guidelines should be followed and regularly audited. Confidentiality must be maintained at all times by any persons holding/using personal data in line with the ‘Data Protection’ and ‘Freedom of Information’ Acts. Records should be accurate, legible and current with specific rules regarding storage, access and removal of obsolete information. All methods should be to an agreed standard irrespective of who, whom and how undertaken. WORDCOUNT: 1089 Bibliography Gravells A. (2012) Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector 5th Edition, London: Learning Matters Wilson L. (2009) Practical Teaching A Guide to PTLLS & DTLLS. Cengage Learning EMEA

Orbital Engine Company

CASE STUDY: Orbital Engine Company CONTENT (1)Executive SummaryP. 3 (2)Introduction of Business BackgroundP. 4 (3)OEC’s objectiveP. 4 (4) Key issues HighlightsP. 5 4. 1Two Wise DecisionP. 5 4. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP EnginesP. 5-6 4. 3 Marketing Lessons Can be Learned P. 6 4. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4P sP. 6 4. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces P. 6 4. 3. 3Licensing and Joint VentureP. 7 (5) ConclusionP. 7 (6)ReferencesP. 8 (1)Executive Summary In this severe economic environment the management of time, in the meaning of the ability to pioneer the market with new products or services, becomes crucial. OEC was in the favourable position of being able to provide customer with solutions that incorporate the latest state of technology; however, OEC was slow reactions to shifts in customer needs and technological advancements which did not allow OEC to realize economies of speed, even though customers are willing to honour fast reactions with higher prices. Furthermore, being the first on the market with an innovative product creates a temporary monopoly and brand recognition. In this market situation the pioneering company is relatively free to set adequate prices in order to recover the usually considerable cost for research and development. Once other companies come up with similar products prices drop immediately, due to the increased competition. In this situation, it becomes much more difficult to repay investments in research and development. Finally, being innovate creates a positive image among customers and, thus, strengthens the competitive position of OEC in the marketplace. During the process, OEC had experienced the changes and made some wise decisions. OEC is a potential company which has a lot of opportunities to diversify its products in cope with the market change through licensing, joint venture and product diversification. According to Porter’s model, increased bargaining power of suppliers would lead to increased costs for major input factors, exerting heavy pressure on the critical success factor costs. This also enhanced bargaining power of customers requires companies to consider customer needs to a larger extent. Basically, the same effect derives from the increased rivalry of existing competitors within the same industry. The severe competitive situation is even enhanced as the higher probability of new entrants increases the demand for low costs, flexibility, and economies of time. Finally, the market implies an increased threat of substitutes. Thus, OEC needs to improve their cost and quality position in order to stay competitive. (2)Introduction of business background Orbital is an international developer of innovative technical solutions for a cleaner world. Orbital’s innovative design and its product development and operational improvement services are attracted to the world’s car makers and end users of engines. Orbital’s headquarter is based in Perth, Western Australia, and is traded on the Australian Stock Exchange (OEC). OEC is a pioneer for engine innovation that it keeps on trying to improve the product in cope with the market change and need. With its breakthrough of fuel injection and electronic combustion process (OCP) for two-stroke design, it benefits to both vehicles and engines becomes cheaper in price and lighter in weight, which leading to a big saving on the fuel consumption with lower emission levels. This report provides a discussion of the consequences of OEC’s marketing strategies and its activities that I think what OEC is making their wise decisions on, why has OEC failed to have its engine adopted by any major Car manufacturer at the time of the case, in spite of the engine having many apparent benefits, and what marketing lessons can be learned from the fact that some of OEC’s technology has been adopted by the makers of marine outboard motors in the US. At each point, I will give my recommendation and suggestion on the marketing point of views to help the company making decision. 3)OEC’s objective OEC’s key objective was to get the major car manufacturers in the US to adopt their new engine. (3) Key issues Highlights 3. 1Two Wise Decision (261) OEC had made at two wise decisions to get the major car manufacturers to adopt their new engine in the US. First of all, OEC developed a pricing policy for its intellectual property at the early stage tha t it built up a series of licence options for car manufacturers, such as General Motors, Ford, Fiat, Jaguar and Volkswagen to evaluate the technology and needs before converting into their final licence agreement. Kotler et al (2007, pp. 318, 590) mentioned that, â€Å"A method of entering a foreign market in which the company enters into an agreement with a licensee in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process, trademark, patent, trade secret or other item of value for a fee or royalty†¦More and more for-profit and not-for-profit organisations are licensing their names to generate additional revenues and brand recognition. † This brand recognition of licensing became one of the key profit generators for OEC. Secondly, OEC made another wise decision on joint venture with Brunswick Corporation, the parent of Mercury Marine in January 1995, became METEOR. This joint venture helped to develop, manufacture, market and sell Orbtal’s SEFIS to the global market for low emission two stroke engines, which was threatened by the US anti-pollution regulations (ULEV). Kotler et al (2007, p. 591) advocated that, â€Å"The most common form of manufacturing-based entry into overseas markets for Australian firms is that of joint venturing. The local partner could provide access to the distribution network due to their knowledge with the local marketing environment while OEC brought in their joint venture technology and production know-how. Since the first step of joint venture, there were numerous of other joint ventures happening which helped OEC to push the two stroke engine to the market in cope with the US emission standard. 3. 2Large Car Manufactures Appeared not ready to adopt OCP Engines After discussing about the wise decisions, there were also obstacles for OEC to push their OCP engines into the large car manufactures. The core reason why OEC had failed to have its engine adopted by major car manufacturers was because OEC spent too much focus on R&D than really focusing on analyzing its product was able to be adopted or pushed to the market. The marketing mix was unclear and OEC was failed to identify car manufacturers’ concerns and their potential interest of products. This lack of knowledge of customers’ needs and wants was leading to the failure. The market need was four strokes and OEC focused on two strokes. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 239) stated that, â€Å"In order to design effective marketing mix strategies, the marketer must understand what factors within the organisation influence the purchase (or non-purchase) response of potential customers. † OEC should first create a need-satisfying market offering and then found out the real-value for their customers. In addition, Manley (1994, p. 66) asserted that, â€Å"Learning is a particularly critical for Orbital in the sense that the company was operating in a turbulent and complex environment as reflected in: emission legislation reviews begin undertaken internationally; the number of actors in the global car industry and structural changes in the industry caused by the changing nature of international competition. In response, the company’s innovation process exhibits orga nisational flexibility, anticipatory capabilities and responsiveness to change. â€Å" Because of the above, OEC was not able to sell its technology to those large car manufacturers at that moment. . 3Marketing Lessons Can be Learned From this case study, there are several marketing lessons can be learned, such as marketing mix and 4Ps, Porter Five Forces, Licensing, and Joint Venture. 3. 3. 1Marketing Mix and 4Ps OEC had spent a lot of time and money on R&D on OCP and which neglected to understand what the customers’ need and want which is difficult to position the company to the targeted segmentation and its market. Because of that, OEC almost risked themselves into bankruptcy before 1989 if they could not gain the financial support from BHP and Australia Government. It is essential to under customers’ wants and need and then market the right product, right place, right promotion and right price. 3. 3. 2OEC’s Porter Five Forces According to this concept, the intensity of competition in an industry is rooted in its underlying economic structure (Porter Strategy 1998, pp. 3). This structure is expressed by five basic competitive forces which determine the ultimate profit potential of the respective industry. The five competitive forces are threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and intensity of rivalry. As of June 1994, OEC already had acquired 854 patents and its applications, but it sat on it without further development which missed out a lot of business opportunities as a pioneer in the market. Kotler et al. (2007, p. 101) asserted that, â€Å"The implication is that the firm should influence the balance of forces through strategic moves, thereby strengthening the firm’s position. Alternatively, the strategists might reposition the firm so that its capabilities factors underlying the forces and respond to them, thus exploiting change by choosing a strategy appropriate to the new competitive balance before competitors recognise it. 3. 3. 3Licensing and Joint Venture Through OEC’s success in licensing and joint venture, it gave the company a business breakthrough to position themselves in a strong market place. Most of its earnings from OEC is from licensing, development and supply agreements. In addition, investing and expanding the business in foreign countries, th ere are various laws and regulations that investors should pay highly attentions, and thus, cooperating with a joint venture company locally would be the most fast and easier way to explore the market; especially OEC has its technology know-how. 6) Conclusion To conclude, in this report, I have shown the effects of OEC’s marketing strategies on both wise and failure decision. These effects mainly consist of substantial alteration of the competitive environment in the form of unclear industry boundaries, increased rivalry, and a reduced relevance of traditional success factors. With the strategic marketing concept, it enables OEC to compete successfully in this altered economic environment. 7)References Kotler, P. , Brown L. , Adam S. , Burton S, Armstrong G. , (2007), Marketing 7th Edn, Pearson Education, Australia. Manley, K. J. , 1994, Factors Leading to Offshore Manufacture of Australian Inventions: The case of The Orbital Combustion Process Engine, Murdoch University, Wes tern Australia. Porter, M. E. : ‘Competitive Advantage. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance’, 2nd Ed. , New York et al: The Free Press 1998.

Celia, a Slave Book Review Essay

Celia, A Slave is a story that takes many different historical facts from the era that the book was placed in, and uses a slave named Celia’s story to tie them all in and show how these events that didn’t directly affect her, would indirectly affect her, and the other slaves in this time as well. The author, Melton A. McLaurin, not only wrote the story of Celia in his book, but he also focused on other historical events taking place at the time to support his thesis that Celia’s case demonstrated what was happening on a global scale. He used facts such as the slave revolts in Haiti and the Dred Scott decision to make a case on why things were so hard for slaves at the time in the United States, and how they affected Celia, and her case. McLaurin also used different people and organizations like the Border Ruffians and the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid company to show the culture and society of the time and place of Celia’s story. The slave revolts in Haiti would indirectly affect Celia. Because the slaves revolted in Haiti, and actually won, it came as a wakeup call to the southerners. They knew that the slave population outnumbered their own, and if they revolted against them, they weren’t sure if they would be able to stop them. This made the Southerners even stricter when it came to slavery, and less lenient when it came to any types of escapes, or breaking of laws. This made it impossible for the jury in Celia’s murder case to believe that it she truly killed him in self-defense. The Dred Scott decision would directly affect her, because of the fact that the decision was still valid, and she, along with all the other slaves, weren’t protected by the U.S. Constitution, and were not considered U.S. citizens. This ruled out any argument that John Jameson, and the rest of her defense, would come up with arguing her constitutional rights. Instead, they brought up things like, how it would’ve been possible for her to kill a man of his size, and how it was possible that the body would’ve been completely disseminated in a fire in a matter of hours. Thomas Shoatman also tried to testify that after she striked Newsom the first time â€Å"he threw his hand up to catch her†, but the judge sustained prosecution objections to the defendants testimonies, because a majority of the jury and the judge himself were all slave owners. This even came as a problem for John Jameson at first, because he was defending a slave when he had some himself. The t hing that really allowed him to relate to Celia though, was the fact that he had a daughter, and he wouldn’t have wanted the same injustice fall on her if the roles were reversed. The Border Ruffians showed the culture and society of the time in Missouri. The border ruffians would cross over into Kansas and vote for all things pro slavery related, and would beat Kansas citizens into voting for pro slavery as well. This was an example of the people that resided in Missouri, and how intent they were on making slavery legal in as many states as possible. The Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company also showed the culture of the time, but from the aspect of people who didn’t want slavery. The company took advantage of the Kansas Nebraska Act to try and get anti-slavery supporters to settle in the Kansas territory, to try and make it a slave free state. The company was crucial in settling Kansas, and making it a free slave state. The book was a good read, though a bit repetitive at times, and educated the reader about different issues at the time of Celia’s case that would affect her, and also affected slaves lives in at the time. It also would educate the reader to what it was like to live in the time of Celia’s case, and get an insight on what it was like for her, and others.

Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States Essay

Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States - Essay Example The paper explores the reasons that make the prediction of terror attacks in the United States a difficult affair. Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States Introduction Modern times have witnessed a transformation of terror groups into barbaric and more determined groups. The present terrorism model differs from the previous models as it is characterized by loosely articulated political objectives, indiscriminate attacks, and efforts to attain maximum psychological and social disruption. The differentiations between the present and past models have left serious gaps in preventing and disrupting terror attacks. This has come in the backdrop of a growing Islamic resentment of the United States, which has become entrenched within the world. The significance of understanding terrorism in the United States was heightened in the wake of 9/11 attacks. America’s sense of immunity to large-scale terrorist attacks within its own borders suffered a massive blow with 9 /11 attacks. The attacks were a traumatic awakening to America. The success of the 9/11 attacks was grounded in three prominent capabilities that terror organizations such as Al-Qaeda still retain. These include the capability to exploit vulnerabilities of the enemy, effective employment of deception, and the application of suicide attacks to enhance success (Bullock, Haddow & Coppola, 2012). Despite the focus, little is known about general patterns of terror attacks within the U.S. Terrorists have honed their capability to gather intelligence, employ technology, and identify security gaps. As a result, predicting terrorist activities has become a tall order. Making assessments on future likelihood or consequences of terror attack is in essence an elusive undertaking (Pillar, 2011). This is mainly compounded by the fact that there are limited statistical data detailing terrorist attacks from which to parameterize terrorism risk. Besides, relevant variables influencing terror underta kings such as target type, weapon type, and target (geographical) location are hard to pin point. Terrorist threat is perpetually changing in ways that make it dangerous and difficult to counter. While most terrorist activities were traditionally confined in conflict- prone areas, especially in the last decade, terrorist activities have attained a global dimension. The main focus of terror attacks centre on inflicting massive civilian casualties and causing lasting economic damage. This propels the urgency in attaining capability to predict and pre-empt such attacks (Forest, 2007). The impact of terrorist attacks in the society has been so severe to the extent of becoming imperative to predict and disrupt the attacks. Most of the successful terrorist attacks exhibit common features such as meticulous long-term planning, cautious target selection, access to destruction means, and effective support in terms of logistics. The overriding question in those circles is not if but when. Irr espective of the mode and scale of attack, few Americans doubt that time is quickly running out. Nevertheless, this view tends to be contestable and may even be exaggerated. It is difficult or even impossible to predict terrorist intentions. Indexing of potential terrorist attacks is based on criteria such as motivation of terrorists, presence of terror groups, efficacy of the groups in undertaking terror acts, the scale and frequency of previous

KFC And Burger King Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

KFC And Burger King Strategies - Case Study Example The company's core products are Buckets, Burgers and Twisters and Colonel's Crispy Strips chicken with home-style side dishes. The first 'Soul Food' product to hit the stores was 'Warm Chicken Salad'. The success of this salad led to new variants being developed, and more 'Soul Food' products continue to feature on KFC's menus. . The 'Soul Food' philosophy has also made a real impact upon KFC's retail estate, manifesting itself in all aspects of communication, from window posters to the menu boards and staff uniforms. (www.kfc.co.uk) In case of Burger King, the philosophy of "One size fits all" does not fit with its customers, as customisation is king for them. The target segment is core 18- to 35-year-old "burger-and-fries-loving" customers. To appeal to a broader customer base, it offers a variety of food options, such as a full line of breakfast products, salads, BK VEGGIE burgers, desserts and more. This strategy involves making modifications in the product characteristics so as to stimulate sales. (Kotler, 367).KFC is committed to serving foods that meet the changing needs of its customers. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) has slashed the amount of dangerous trans fats in its foods in the UK. It uses a low trans fat blend of cooking oil in its 713 British and Irish stores. Previously the company used a partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil. The fast food chain says the switch means that all of its products will contain less than one per cent trans fat. The trans fats have been removed without sacrificing the great taste that is the foundation of KFC brand. Trans fats occur naturally in small amounts in dairy products and meat, but they're also formed artificially when manufacturers hydrogenate liquid vegetable fat or oil. (KFC slashes trans fats on UK menus) Product Line Extension This strategy involves adding new products or services to the existing product line (Onkvisit, Shaw, 384). Burger King has planned to build a chain of Whopper Bars in Britain, which will sell a variety of its signature hamburgers in a hipper, more adult setting. THE "barbell strategy "is being used by Burger King to beef up profits, pushing higher-priced products and cheap items on the same menu. Burger King has plans to build Whopper Bars in places such as airports and other venues with limited space (Rushe , 2008). Product Innovation This strategy involves introducing new products from time to time so as to cater to the changing needs of the customer. KFC and Burger King have followed this strategy. Burger King launched The Angus Steak Burger, which was differentiated based on higher quality beef, while TenderCrisp Chicken Sandwich gave BKC a product in the chicken sandwich category where it was traditionally weak. KFC launched The Wrapstar with delicious ingredients for the young, busy adult who eats lunch on the go.(www.utalkmarketing.com).KFC would launch a revolutionary finger lickin' new menu addition -- Kentucky Grilled Chicken This great tasting product will help KFC continue to evolve and increase its relevance among consumers looking for nonfried menu options. It's the latest and most exciting of many recent menu innovations at KFC and would deliver the great flavor that the customers expect.Even the Colonel's iconic bucket

Mark Rothko Chapel and Diego Rivera Paintings Term Paper

Mark Rothko Chapel and Diego Rivera Paintings - Term Paper Example The paper "Mark Rothko Chapel and Diego Rivera Paintings" discusses Mark Rothko Chapel and Diego Rivera Paintings. Approaching from the south, one would also see a steel sculpture written Broken Obelisk standing in the middle of a pool of water. Inside the building there are painting on a majestic scale which cover each of the eight walls. Little is there to barge in their power, just a few benches, eight to be precise, bare plaster and some few cushions on the floor. It is also amazing that the building appears to have doorways, but don’t lead anywhere, except to a small alcove which has nothing. I also noticed that the building has no modern lights fixed but only illuminated by the skylight from the afternoon sun. What I learnt of the building was that it was designed to house the paintings of Mark Rothko, a Russian abstract expressionist. The Chapel is also considered sacred but a non-denominational place of worship. The fourteen paintings in the Chapel are just astonishing . The paintings are dark, in black hues while others are purplish. I learnt that there is a reason why Rothko did the paintings in this manner. The patron I found in the building explains that they are ‘sort of a window to beyond’. In this regard, she explains that bright colors are meant to stop your vision at the canvas, where dark colors go past. After making a first glance at the paintings, it appeared made of solid, dark colors. A closer look revealed that the paintings are made up of several uneven washes of pigments.

Geotechnical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geotechnical - Essay Example Geotechnical engineering uses the geophysical methods in measuring the physical properties on the earth sub surface. These methods have the potential of measuring the anomalies in the properties of soil to identify the position and the presence of minerals (Das and Sobhan, 2013). They involve applying physical methods in measuring the physical traits of rocks and soil thus detecting the physical differences between the rocks that have the hydrocarbons or ore deposits. This paper explores the different types of geophysics method and their use in geotechnical engineering. Electromagnetic induction (EM) involves a method that uses the induction principles in measuring the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. Different from the techniques of conventional resistivity, EM requires no contact in the ground. This eliminates the fast problems of electrical coupling allowing much acquisition of rapid data. Since the EM instruments give an easy and rapid collection of data, the instruments are always used as the tools of reconnaissance used in identifying the greatly detailed anomalies (Nobes, 2000). The induced electromagnetic pulse can be measured using the frequency domain meters and time domain meters. GPR (ground penetrating Radar is utilized in pinpointing the buried objects location and mapping and having stratigraphy mapped out. It gives the shallow subsurface cross-sectional measurements. The method has the ability of locating the nonmetal and metal objects. In many cases, data and profiles are recorded and the result is shown using the real time having the attached display unit of the computer. This results into a fast and easy field interpretation. More data interpretation could be done later (Nobes, 2000). The instruments of GPR have energy beamed into the ground from the antenna in the electromagnetic wave form. An energy position is reflected towards the antenna at the specific subsurface

3 researches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 researches - Research Paper Example paper though is the solid inter-relationship between two components that complete each other for their existence like matter and antimatter; black and white photography and genes and inheritance. Matter and antimatter forge a particular chemistry in asymmetry and bonding because one hardly exists without the other, because they both share similar masses. A positron that is positively charged is an antiparticle to the electron that is negatively charged. They are always produced as a pair. Genes and inheritance is also a working pair because a chromosome pair contains characteristics from both parents hence these traits are passed to the children as inheritance. Black and white photography tops it all because it is the most beautiful chemistry in basic visual arts or photography because where one color is involved there can never be any photography the two contrasting color element of black and white have to co-exist in a similar setting to capture the aspect of photography. Perhaps the best hero myth to explain the Joseph Campbell hero’s journey model of delving into the special or imaginary world from the ordinary world and back to the ordinary world in history of myths with famous heroes is one Hercules (BBC). Hercules or Heracles as the Greeks call him is a Greek hero as a son of Zeus, a god and Alcmene the granddaughter of Perseus. Hercules grows up to become a warrior hero. Hercules or Heracles hero starts in the ordinary world when Hera the jealous wife of Zeus made him temporarily insane so that Hercules killed his very own wife and children. As a punishment by the king Eurystheus of Tiryns he was sent to travel for twelve years and perform twelve different gruesome tasks. These tasks seem to capture the special world context because one of the tasks which is killing an evil character by the name of Lernean Hydra who has snake like hydra and nine separate heads shows the difficult tests Hercules had to undergo in dealing with the creatures from the

Electronic Banking Has More Benefits for the Bank than for the Bank's Essay

Electronic Banking Has More Benefits for the Bank than for the Bank's Customers - Essay Example Because customer satisfaction has gained much significance in all industry segments, and banking being a retail industry where rush of customers for their daily banking needs is huge, benefits of e-banking to the customers are being provided with extra vigour by the banking industry to attract more and more customers as banking market is very competitive. For banks, internet banking offers the strategic possibility of cutting costs, better customer service; attract more customers and add-on with the cross-selling opportunities. Banks view electronic banking a very positive feature of their services. E-banking has its own challenges and opportunities, challenges emerging from the serious ramifications of global e-banking. In the global context, it is stated that the transaction costs have reduced drastically making it feasible to realise cross-border banking transactions electronically. Such an opportunity provides to the banks the potential of economies of scale. Such electronic cros s-border transactions need to be cleared by banks by taking additional safety measures (Nitsure, 2004). Benefits of e-banking to Banks Cost-effective According to Orr (1999) electronic banking cuts the cost of each transaction at once. ... It cuts down the cost of the bill if it is served to the customer electronically in comparison to when it is physically delivered in hard paper via post. Irvine (1999) remarks that banks leverage cost by saving 40% than in hard copy. Both the customers of the bank and the bank itself get the benefit from reduced cost without affecting the provision of effective and comprehensive services. Loyal Customers According to a research organised by Forrester Research, 61% of the participants were of the view that if banks come forward to deliver the services as desired by them they would gladly remain customers with such banks (Dixon, 1999). Knowing well what their customers want, banks are offering a â€Å"hub† of related services such as bill presentment and payment, financial planning, property planning, insurance, loans and brokerage services. The internet has facilitated this convergence of financial services, which was not possible otherwise from a centralised system. Banking we b sites providing convergence of services to the customers deliver a more comprehensive experience to such customers who randomly visit the bank website to use the offered services. The objective of the banks behind such convergence of offered services is to hook the customers by creating loyalty, providing the opportunity of bundling of services, which can be realised in increased earning from such customers, using various services of the banks under the umbrella. Additional Services Banks are offering financial portal services to their customers wherein various financial services and products like stocks and mortgages are presented to the customers, which have opened up another earning stream for the banks. It has become possible because of Internet integration.

Beowulf and The Modern Day Hero Essay Example for Free

Beowulf and The Modern Day Hero Essay A hero does something for the greater good of mankind. A hero is courageous and brave in any situation. Beowulf and Irena Sendler a social worker who smuggled over 2,500 Jewish out of harms way put their lives on the line to protect their mankind. While each warriors have their differences both believe in courage and triumphing over evil. In his final battle Beowulf goes up against a dragon that take a whole army to defeat. Caught up in his courageous high Beowulf does not realize the feat that lies ahead of him. Beowulf describes, â€Å"scant regard for the dragon as a threat, no dread at all of its courage or strength, for he kept going often in the past† (2348-2351). Beowulf is caught up in his past glories blinding him from the actualization of how dangerous the dragon is. Being courageous means one knows their limits. Irena Sendler knew that she could not act alone in rescuing over 2,500 innocent children. Ambulance drivers would transport children under the floorboards while police officers would be bribed to allow traffic through an underground corridor. Unlike Beowulf Irena knew that she needed help to sneak past the giant Nazi regime to rescue thousands of Jewish children. is not caught up in being labeled as a hero for risking her life to save over 2,500 innocent children. Beowulf states, â€Å"I have wrestled the hilt from the enemies’ hand, avenged the evil done to the Danes; it is what was due† (1668-1670) Beowulf fights for justice and to avenge those who have done wrong. By fighting for your beliefs Beowulf displays that you cannot terrorize without repercussions. In 1943 the Nazi party commenced a liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto. Irena believes, â€Å"Every child saved with my help and the help of all the wonderful secret messengers, who today are no longer living, is the justification of my existence on this earth, and not a title to glory.† Irena did not want the title of glory she only fought for her beliefs in a non-violent manner. Unlike Beowulf she did not need to go out and avenge the Nazis for their vile acts towards humanity. A hero is brave and will put their lives on the line to protect mankind. Beowulf and a Irena are courageous no matter how daunting each of their tasks were. A hero stands up for the greater good of people when he witnesses mankind being threatened. While a hero comes in all different ways both possess the same qualities. MLA Format HEVESI, DENNIS. Irena Sendler, Lifeline to Young Jews, Is Dead at 98. Nytimes.com. Nytimes.com, 13 May 2008. Web.

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay Research is the key contributor of professional development in many professions, particularly healthcare. It allows practitioners to inform, adjust and monitor particular ways of practice or issues. The ability to evaluate research evidence appropriately is essential to avoid the assumption that all published research is of equal merit and validity. In order to critically appraise the article, Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members (Evans, Murray, Patrick, Fitzgerald, Smith Cameron, 2010), the ten point CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2006) framework is used. Current literature will be utilised to guide the discussion and reflection in order to conclude the overall strength of this article. The studys aims are concisely stated and numbered clearly. This is of importance in research keeping the main focus well established and succinct, allowing readers to easily understand the objectives (Collins, 2010; Gerrish Lacey, 2010; Stommel Wills, 2004). and reduce the chance of inter-researcher confusion. The authors discussed their reasons for focussing on clinical handovers, highlighting that communication difficulties can lead to serious, even fatal mistakes. A previous study is used to confirm the severity of this problem. Khan (2008) illustrates the benefits of using previous studies in ones background enforce the discussion of why the research is relevant. The researchers discuss the MIST (Mechanism-Injuries-Signs-Treatment) template used in the military, pointing out that little is known about its effectiveness in more general settings. Other ways of improving communication are discussed, such as radio pre-alerts and the use of electronic tablets, noting that as yet eff ectiveness is unproven, supporting the value of this new research. The researchers have not disclosed reasons for choosing qualitative methodology; however, it is appropriate to their aims. They intended to obtain and illuminate personal views and subjective experiences of using the MIST template during handover, in turn modifying the template in response to recurring findings. The stated aim of understanding issues affecting handover efficiency can be best researched via the qualitative method in order to gain participants interpretations of the other professionals involved and to enlighten the interactions between these groups (Block, 2006). The gathering of opinions on data transmission methods and data display within the emergency department (ED) provides a more in-depth understanding of how errors occur and furthermore, how this problem could be improved (Bowling Ebrahim, 2005). The research design used in this study is grounded theory. This specifically enables a new theory to arise from data in order to explain social phenomenon and human behaviour (Chears, 2009; Williams, 2012). It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory in relation to the improvement of the minimum dataset as they merely adapt the MIST template (an already established theory), whereas typically, grounded theory forms a theory from original data collected during a study, not by testing a theory from previous literature in the field (Giles, 2002). In contrast, Henandez (2011) recommends using datasets from previous research in order to collate secondary and primary research, allowing the combination of ideas to form a theory. Furthermore, the findings seem to show that grounded theory has been used within attributes of an affective and ineffective handover: A set of ideas designed to explain what constitutes handover quality has been developed. An example: 11 o ut of the 17 participants expressed that a poor handover includes extraneous information and interruptions. The researchers developed this as a theory to explain why poor handovers may occur. They have described their use of grounded theory but not clarified why they have used this method or with what aims they wished to develop new theories. In relation to the recruitment strategy, Daymon Holloway (2011) illuminate the importance of disclosing the setting, timeframe and people involved in research in order to clarify the boundaries of the study. Here, details of inclusion of participants are thorough and well recorded, including geographical locations, timeframes and demographics. Table 1 shows all participants had a mean of 5 years post-graduate experience, indicating that those with considerable experience were selected. The researchers used purposive sampling method to find a representative group (participants with experience of transporting trauma patients to a trauma service) and used convenience sampling within this representative group to ensure all participants could contribute to the data (Monsen Horn, 2008). Purposive sampling is highly targeted and forms a specific group, resulting in this method being subject to bias, however, if the researchers are aiming to investigate a phenomenon relating to specific gr oups of people (e.g. paramedics and trauma team members), then purposive sampling is appropriate to warrant the correct target group is selected (Newell Burnard, 2011). In addition, the researchers have explained how they have selected a representative trauma team sample; by involving individuals from different specialty groups involved in management of trauma patients (e.g. burns, anaesthetics). There is no record of anyone who chose not to take part. Data collected via semi-structured interviews was an appropriate way to address the research aims, but there are flaws. Researchers needed to record the subjective experiences of this group of professionals in order to determine the key factors causing communication errors. However, information such as the location of interviews is not stated. Japec (2008) points out how the social context of interviews can affect responses. We do not know whether interviews were carried out in a controlled environment (i.e. in the same room, similar time of day and without disturbances). Moreover, the researchers have not disclosed the reasons why the interview method was chosen. Moniff and Whitehead (2010) and Blaikie (2010) illustrate the importance of including this information, to allow the reader to see the relevance of chosen data collection techniques. Furthermore, there is no description of how the data was recorded; a vital element in research to increase confirmability and replicability (G errish Lacey 2010). The form of data cannot be distinguished through the software used (NVIVO 8.0) as it can upload text, videos and tape recordings (Edhlund, 2007). The use of a minimum topic guide for interviews ensures that similar data is collected from participants and eliminates the sequence of questions being different (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). However, the researchers were ambiguous when discussing their use of the topic guide in the study design. They state it was used when interviewing the trauma team speciality groups about the minimum dataset for handover, yet, do not clearly state whether it was used for questions on effective and ineffective handovers, data transmission or data display (even though these prompts appear in the topic guide). There is also no reference to use of the topic guide during interviewing paramedics (although paramedic specific questions are present on the guide leading to assumption that the guide was used). The interview method enhances data as it shows body language and non-verbal interactions (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). However, it can skew results: social desirability can lead to the participant answering a question so as to please the researcher or sound like a good practitioner (Rubin Babbie, 2010). In addition, the interviewer effect may occur (where interviewers subtly influence participants responses through wording of the questions or body language), especially as some researchers belonged to the professions being studied. In this research, the relationship between researchers and participants has not been sufficiently reflected upon. There has been no consideration of how reflexivity and experimenter bias may have influenced the choice of questions (e.g. the topic guide), the sample selection and location. With no comment on who developed the topic guide, we do not know if it was one researcher or a collaboration. This information is essential: if experimenter triangulation was utilised, this would decrease the chance of experimenter bias and reflexivity skewing the questions, increasing credibility of the research (Merrian, 2009). Researchers have not examined their role within sample recruitment either. One researcher is employed by Ambulance Victoria, and another by the Alfred Hospital Presumably personal backgrounds influenced the choice of these two institutions for sample collection, however, there is no personal reflexivity expressed to determine that they have considered their potential bias in this area. Reflexivity is critical in order to increase the rigor of the research; recognising how personal experiences, disposition and emotions can influence research choices allows researchers to compensate for this where possible, and understand the importance of documenting subjective issues (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). In consideration of ethical issues, the researchers have not discussed how, or even if they briefed and debriefed the participants. Adequate briefing is essential do participants know exactly what to expect and are aware of their rights (Fowler, ONeill Helvert, 2011). Briefing also allows participants to give informed consent and avoids passive deception, whereby the researchers deceive participants by omission (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Debriefing is equally important, allowing participants to raise any issues experienced during the research (Jackson, 2011; Morrow, Boaz, Brearley Ross, 2012). An ethics committee has approved this research, meaning the emotional impacts on researchers and participants have been assessed and the safeguards and well-being of the participants have been evaluated (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). This implies that ethical considerations have adequately been taken into account, although more detail should have been provided. With respect to the data analysis, grounded theory is defined and clearly explained. In the abstract, thematic analysis was said to be used, but there is no reference to it in the data analysis section. There is, however a clear demonstration of its stages in the description of how the 3 nodes were developed through collecting reoccurring responses and developing them into codes and themes. Open coding has been used, which primarily allows codes and subsequently themes to emerge from the text alone; by using axial coding in addition, the researchers concepts and categories are implemented  whilst re-reading the text in order to check that categories truthfully represent responses and to examine how concepts are related, increasing credibility and validity (Babbie, 2012). However, researchers have not explained how they collaborated to determine what data to present, nor do they disclose any outliers or contradicting results. Reflexivity can affect this process as their subjective thoughts may influence their choices. The researchers have not considered this issue, resulting in reduced credibility (Brink, 2006). They refer to a general consensus when talking about the usability of MIST rather vague and ignoring differing responses. Nevertheless, sufficient data is presented to support the findings. Quotes are implemented to support the data and MIST is rewritten and displayed, including responses. The attribute box allows readers to distinguish differing views between professionals; adding credibility to the data transmission results. Finally, by assigning a third researcher, experimenter bias is reduced and to some degree helps the issue of reflexivity, as researchers past experiences will all differ, affecting how they may perceive participants ans wers, and subsequently code the text. Triangulation of researchers adds rigor to the research (Inoue, 2012). There is a relatively clear statement of findings in the research; data is affirmed under primary nodes developed by thematic analysis clearly and concisely and they are also logically discussed in the order of aims. Hinshaw (2011) emphasises the importance of clearly presented results to allow the reader easy access to the main outcomes and suggested action points. Specific quotes arising from the interviews to corroborate and increase dependability of the results (Streubert Carpenter, 2011). Discussions are made for and against the researchers suggestions. Supporting discussions include the concept of time out in theatres where team members pause and complete a checklist to ensure safety (this current practice boasts reduction in surgical error), reinforcing the results where paramedics state an effective handover is one where the receiving body stop and exercise listening skills. An example where researchers challenge their findings is the reference to a study, concluding informa tion recall of just 36% even when paramedics were provided with handover training. Using evidence to challenge their research demonstrates that the researchers are not prejudiced in favour of their own results and that they recognise the need to consider additional barriers (Brink, 2006). However, the researchers have not discussed the credibility of their findings; they have employed researcher triangulation to reduce intrinsic biases, but have not mentioned how this improves credibility and rigor in the discussion. There is no comment about respondent validation, raising the question whether this was carried out. It is a of checking the truthfulness of research, by giving participants the findings to comment on if there is any misinterpretation: an effective way of reducing researcher bias (Pope Mays, 2006). The value of this research is limited: the researchers acknowledge their results form a basis for development and recognise that trails and further research must be carried out. Findings are discussed in light of current practice, recognising that the MIST tool needs to be trialled further. Researchers also acknowledge that training will have to be developed for paramedics (as with any new proposed method in ambulance services). It is stated that noise barriers need to be evaluated, however, no new areas of research are proposed. Researchers have not discussed whether their research can be transferred to other populations. They have briefly discussed generalizability, stating the research should be generalised to other hospitals with caution as the data was collected in a busy referral hospital. They also recognise that selecting paramedics with experience in trauma settings can lead to decreased generalizability, as paramedics with less trauma experience may have differing views. In conclusion, this research boasts excellent presentation and structure comprising strong background and aims. Utilising qualitative methodology enabled researchers to gain subjective experiences and views from healthcare professionals to provide a deeper understanding of how communication errors occur during handover and propose a multifactorial strategy for improvement. It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory, therefore not utilising grounded theory correctly, however, there is ample literature disputing this, stating that it is acceptable to build on existing theory in order to develop a new one. The research has been carried out in the light of the original aims throughout and the results are clearly presented, with additional quotes to enforce points. However, there is minimal consideration of potential biases and the effect of reflexivity, reducing credibility. Furthermore, many methods have not been justified (research method, use of grounded t heory, data collection and data presentation) leading to overall low rigor and credibility. Finally, it is recognised that this research will not change future practice without further research and trailing. Nevertheless, the original data collected here and strategies for improvement presented make this research a valuable contribution to the field. (182) =2199 References Babbie, E. (2012). The practice of social research. (13th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Blaikie, N. (2010). Designing social research. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. Block, D. (2006). Healthcare outcomes management: strategies for planning and evaluation. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Bowling, A. Ebrahim, S. (2005). Handbook of health research methods: investigation, measurement and analysis. Berkshire: Open University Press. Brink, H. (2006). Fundamentals for research methodology for health care professionals. (2nd ed). Cape Town: Juta Co. Chears, V. (2009). Taking a strand for others: a grounded theory. USA: ProQuest LLC. Collins, H. (2010). Creative research: the theory and practice of research for the creative industries. London: AVA Publishing. Cottrell, R. McKenzie, J. (2011). Health promotion education research methods: using the five-chapter thesis/dissertation model. (2nd ed.). London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP). (2006). Qualitative research: appraisal tool. 10 questions to help you make sense of qualitative research. Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit. Daymon, C. Holloway, I. (2011). Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. (2nd ed.). Oxfordshire: Routledge. Edhlund, B. (2007). NVivo essentials: the ultimate help when you work with qualitative analysis. Stallarholmen: Form Kunskap. Evans, S., Murray, A., Patrick, I., Fitzgerald, M., Smith, S. Cameron, P. (2010). Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members. BMJ: Quality and Safety Health Care, 19(6), 1-6. Fowler, C., ONeill, L. Helvert, J. (2011). The handboom of emergent technologies in social research. New York: Oxford University Press. Gerrish, K. Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. (6th ed.). Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. Giles, D. (2002). Advanced research methods in psychology. Sussex: Routledge. Henandez, C. (2011). Grounded theory: the philosophy method, and work of barney glaser. USA: Brown Walker Press. Hinshaw, A. (2011). Shaping health policy through nursing research. New York: Springer Publishing. Inoue, A. (2012). Writing studies research in practice: methods and methodologies. USA: Southern Illinois University Press. Jackson, S. (2011). Research methods: a modular approach. (2nd ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Japec, L. (2008). Advances in telephone survey methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Khan, J. (2008). Research methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing. Kirby, S., Greaves, L. Reid, C. (2006). Experience research social change: methods beyond the mainstream. (2nd ed.). Ontario: Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication. Merrian, S. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Moniff, J. Whitehead, J. (2010). You and your action research project. (3rd ed.). Oxfordshire: Routeledge. Monsen, E. Horn, L. (2008). Research: successful approaches. (3rd ed.). USA: Diana Faulhaber. Morrow, E., Boaz, A., Brearley, S. Ross, F. (2012). Handbook of service user involvement in nursing healthcare research. Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Newell, R. Burnard, P. (2011). Research for evidence based practice in healthcare. (2nd ed.). Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Pope, C. Mays, N. (2006). Qualitative research in healthcare. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Rubin, A. Babbie, E. (2010). Essential research methods for social work. (2nd ed.). Belmont: Cengage Learning. Stommel, M. Wills, C. (2004). Clinical research: concepts and principles for advanced practice nurses. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Streubert, H. Carpenter, D. (2011). Qualitative research in nursing. (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Williams, J. (2012). The paramedics guide to research: an introduction. Berkshire: Open University Press.

Genetic Screening :: DNA Science Genes Essays

Genetic Screening Five year old Jacob Turner is a healthy boy without many cares in this world. His father takes sole care of him because his mother died suddenly. Genetic testing after death, showed a genetic mutation in Jacob's mothers genes that caused her to have an irregular heart. Unfortunately, Jacob has also inherited this mutation, but fortunately, this disorder can be controlled by medications. Now, Jacob's father has another problem. No insurance company will cover young Jacob because of his known heart irregularity. Situations like Jacob's are now a relatively common with the advent of genetic screening. People can now look into their genetic make up to find out if they carry a deleterious gene or genetic predisposition to a disease. No longer must many people with high risk families worry about whether or not they may contract the same disease as their ancestors. Diseases and disorders such as Huntington chorea, Alzheimer's, Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia, and some kinds of cancer such as breast, colon, thyroid, ovarian, and skin can now be identified on a particular gene and can likely predict the probability of disease onset. But with this technology comes many physiological and ethical problems. Within this paper, I will define genetic screening, look at the controversial ethical viewpoints, and give a brief overview to this situation. Genetic Screening is a relatively new concept that is just now becoming more widespread. In simple terms, the process uses techniques that enable the technician to identify mutant DNA in the person's genetic make up. If a mutant is found, medical precautions can be taken. If none is found, then it can be assumed that the person does not carry the deleterious gene and has the same risk of contracting the disease as anyone else in the population. The screening requires that a tissue sample be taken from the individual to be tested. Where and what kind of tissue depends on the condition being screened. When screening for a specific cancer, tissue of that organ is most helpful. When screening for a noncancer disease, blood or urine will produce results. Because the tissue sample is small, a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used. PCR is a technique that enables more than a million copies to be made from a single strand of DNA. This can be done in a precancerous or cancerous cell. The copied DNA can then be hybridized.

Othello and Antigone Essay -- Essays Papers

Othello and Antigone Othello, takes place in Venice during an attack of the island of Cyprus . The protagonist is Othello and The antagonist of the story is Iago, who wants Othello to give him the rank of head luitenant but the position was given to Cassio. Desdemona is Othello's wife who is having an affair with Cassio. Roderigo, is a character madley in love with Desdemona; and Emilia , who is iago's wife. The heart of this story is trajic. Although Othello is a noble warrior, he is a jealous person . with this, most of the play portreys the factor on jealousy which causes corruption. Many conflicts are found in Othello, man vs. man is one . also, when Iago seeks revenge against Othello and Cassio because of his hatred and jealousy for them. Person vs. himself is also found when Othello has a problem with whether or not he should believe that Desdemona is cheating on him. . one lesson , in which, readers can learn from the play is that "jealousy causes corruption in many ways such as dishonesty which was portrayed by Iago".At the end of the play, Desdemona dies, iago has no guilt ; even when iago was dieing , he doesn't have any remorse for anyone. However, Iago was not fully to blame for desdemona's death, Othello also caused Desdemona to die, his jealousy and his and overzealous attidude cause it. Even in the end of the play , Othello doesn't know what his drive and motivation for killing the woman of his life. Sh...

Male Initiation Rituals :: essays research papers

Collective Male Initiation Rituals of the Sambia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The transition of a boy to a man is very important to the Sambia, of New Guinea. This transition consists of an initiation ritual, which has 6 stages and takes between 13 and 20 years to complete. The first 3 stages are collectively focused, which I will discuss, and stages 4 through 6 are individually focused. This ritual helps to introduce the boys to male society, prepare them for adult responsibilities and is used to transmit culture (Nanda 2002: 132). The beliefs of the Sambia show a â€Å"warriors conception of manhood where men should be strong, brave, and unyielding in the pursuit of all tasks† (Herdt 1981: 50). The first stage of initiation is called Moku and occurs between the ages of 7 and 10. The second stage is called Imbutuand occurs between the ages of 10 and 13. The third stage is called Ipmangwi and occurs between the ages of 14 and 16.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stage of initiation the boys are taken from their mothers homes and taken to live at the men’s clubhouse. Here boys are given a ritual sponsor who is usually in the third or forth stage of initiation (Herdt 1981: 55). Early in the first stage is the stretching right. â€Å"The stretching rites are the initial stimulus to spur masculinity† (Herdt 1981: 223). In the stretching rites the boys are carried off into the woods by their ritual sponsor and sticks or switches are rubbed against the bodies of groups of boys by the elder males. The boy’s skin is rubbed and perforated. This is said to remove â€Å"sweat and the fine down of the boys cheeks, arms and legs† (Herdt 1981: 222) which are contaminants caused by close contact with their mothers. After this dangerous ritual their sponsor must carry the boys back to the men’s clubhouse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important rituals in the first stage initiation is nose bleeding. This act is the most painful preformed on the initiates (Herdt 1981: 224). In this rite sharp blades of grass are stuck up the nose until it bleeds. This is done to remove any contaminated blood that is caused from extended contact with the boy’s mother (Herdt 1981: 223). This purifies the boys and enables them to move on to rites that will strengthen them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After stretching and nose bleeding the initiate is given the ingestive rights.

Dramatic tension Essay

This then, is clearly contrasted with the language used when describing a life spent as Willy’s has been, selling and buying. Biff speaks off such a life using words such as ‘suffer’ and ‘measly’ and again, the stage directions are clear in indicating his tone ‘with rising agitation. ‘ A dramatic tension is created then, between the different lifestyles, as Biff and Happy are portrayed as struggling with the inner conflict of conforming to their father’s ideals, or obeying their natural desires. The setting is also crucial in conveying dramatic tension. The use of scenery illuminates the attitude of Willy, and the audience is engaged in a sensory experience with the actor. Furthermore, the setting reflects the events taking place and can set the mood and atmosphere that are so important in creating dramatic tension. The house then, is a place of an increasingly dramatic tension. The house is an important part of the setting as it represents Willy’s flawed ambition. Details such as the single ‘silver athletic trophy’ being one of the only furnishings represents the importance of success but also the lack of it due to the bard setting of the home. The kitchen then, shows only ‘three chairs’ at the table. This may represent the absence of Biff as part of their lives. Dramatic tension is woven throughout, hinting at difficulties surrounding the return of ‘the prodigal son’ and the lack of selling success that is soon revealed to be haunting Willy. He built the house as a part of his success however; it has become overshadowed by apartment blocks. The street outside is packed with cars showing that success is now being achieved by many and in comparison; Willy’s small house is now insignificant, as is his dwindling success. Many of the events take place in the house, and most prominently, the family arguments. It is in the house that Biff comes to terms with flunking maths, that Biff and Willy argue about success, that Linda yells at her sons, and finally, Biff produces the rubber piping and confronts his father. These arguments create dramatic tension as what should have been the perfect family set-up and home becomes fractured, and so is Willy’s dream, to the point of suicide. The Garden or Backyard is also an important part of the setting. Willy attempts to plant seeds remarking ‘I’ve got to get some seeds, right away. Nothings planted, I don’t have a thing in the ground. ‘ The garden is a motif then, of Willy’s need and desire for success. It also represents the legacy that that Willy never leaves with his family. Though Willy attempts to plant his garden near the end of the play, this is too little too late. His life then, had already been a failure and he has left nothing remarkable by which to be remembered. This is a very high point of dramatic tension as the audience is very aware that Willy seems to sense the end of his life is incredibly close. Linked to the production of the rubber pipe only moments later, an overhanging reminder of Willy’s contemplation of suicide creates incredible tension. Dramatic tension is also created through the use of stage and sound effects as well as lighting. Miller uses all three methods as mood and atmosphere creators to enhance and create dramatic tension. Miller is very specific when describing the effects to depict the Loman house. Staging effects include transparent walls in order to make to whole house accessible to the audience. Furthermore, it creates a sense of vulnerability and rawness enhanced by the towering blocks surrounding the house. This vulnerability then, creates a sense defence from attack that enhances dramatic tension. Miller describes the Tower blocks as ‘tall angular shapes’ that reflect Willy’s feeling of inferiority and also claustrophobia and then create a threatening presence. Lighting is crucial in creating atmosphere and dramatic tension. The beginning scene is the most prominent example of this. At first Miller uses the ‘blue light of the sky’ to recreate a depressed and sorrowful mood. The dramatic tension arises when this becomes and ‘an angry glow of orange. ‘ This change suddenly shows a threatening and angry, harsh and dangerous mood. Tension is obvious as the two moods seem far apart but are obviously both linked to the events that will unfold in the Loman house. Sound effects are also important at this point and then throughout the novel. At this stage, the music of a lilting flute is described as fragile and small and fine. It can be seen to represent the better times of the family in which Willy was more successful. It also becomes associated with Willy’s self-delusion of success and his dream of fortune. This music is played then at varying points throughout the play, symboling to the audience a flashback or a sad remainder of a once optimistic dream. The dramatic tension is created as music appears before the events, leaving the audience with a sense of suspense. Other characters ‘theme music’ are that of Bens, and that of the boys, described as ‘gay and happy. ‘ Miller uses these ahead of the character appearance to show that they are about to become involved in the plot, creating dramatic tension as the audience wonders how this will effect the unfolding events. Miller uses more than just music to create dramatic tension. Sound effects such as the screech of Willy’s tyres as he commits suicide create vivid, realistic and highly tense moments. Miller also uses voices to create confusion in Willy’s last actions, thereby recreating the confusion and breakdown of Willy’s mental state. The tension is increased, as his next moves cannot be predicted. The voice of ‘The Women’ constitutes much dramatic tension. Upon hearing her voice and laugh, even beyond the ‘Boston Bedroom’ scene, we are then led to consider whether Willy has ended the affair and the consequences the relationship would cast. Combined with the way in which the family seems to further splinter, an incredible tension is created. Moreover, Biff’s growing agitation toward his indicates that he may be ready to reveal hidden affair. ‘The Woman’s’ laugh adds to this dramatic tension by sounding ironic and mocking, and this further exposes Willy’s vulnerability and confusion. Symbolism is also used throughout both to create dramatic tension and to link the past and the future. Perhaps the rubber piping creates the highest point of tension. It represents Willy’s insecurities and contemplation of death, a prospect that is in itself, an incredibly dramatically tense subject throughout as the audience is constantly left to wonder whether or not Willy will commit suicide. Furthermore, Linda knows of its existence but is reluctant to confront her husband. From the point that Biff decides to remove and keep the piping, we are aware that he now has two strongholds over his father, and tension is evident in his conflict between using this advantage over the now weakened Willy, and the reminder of the awesome respect he used to hold for his Father. In this final scene, Biff finally confronts his father by producing the tubing. Linda is horrified; Biff is angry and confused while Willy is left to defend himself. Such dramatic tension is highly powerful as it plays on the volatile emotional and relational ties found linking the characters. Their interactions then, are charged emotional, created by Miller as part of an incredibly tense sense of drama. Miller combines these methods of creating intense dramatic tension and as a result has produced a highly successful play that continues to capture the audiences rapt attention throughout.

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â   Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a leading software company in the world. Its core businesses include Platform Products and Services Division, Business Division and the Entertainment and Devices Division. It is committed to the long term mission of helping its customers realize their full potential. It constantly updates and improves its products and continuously accelerate new technologies as they emerge serve its customers better. The web site of Microsoft is one of the best developed websites providing a wealth of online information to its visitor. The information includes that of the company, its social initiatives, news, contact details, careers at Microsoft etc. The company provides a number of sites for its products. These sites provide online information about the company products and their features, product upgrades, product downloads and all the assistance required by the customers to use their products. There is a great amount of valuable information on the products site of Microsoft Corporation. The first useful information is the links to Microsoft’s product families including windows, Windows Server Systems, Business Solutions, Office, Developer Tools, Games and Xbox, MSN and Windows Mobile. This information will enable me to easily identify the product of my interest. The next useful information is about the product categories including Home and entertainment, Finance, Hardware and Books and training. There is also valuable information about the more popular products of Microsoft and its key technologies. I can also find valuable information in the link to trial software. The link helps me to get online information about the different trial software of Microsoft that are available in different product families. From each trial software link we can get the overview about the benefits of each product, its main features and support and security features. It provides details about the system requirements. Once we are able to evaluate and decide on the product to be ordered for trial then the site helps is in the procedures that are involved in buying a trial compact disc or downloading the trial software along with the necessary system requirements for the trail download. The site provides information as to how the product of our choice can be ordered online and the retailer through whom we can place the order for our product. If we plan to purchase five or more licenses, information of the volume licensing can be got based on whether our organization is a business or an educational institution. Information of the license agreement is also displayed. Once order has been placed information about how to track the status of the order is also provided. The site also provides the information about how I can use the product information center better using online chat and telephone. The Website Link to Microsoft office word 2003 provides detailed information to me about one of the best selling product of Microsoft Corporation. I can get the overview of Microsoft Word 2003 along with the features of the product like its ability to collaborate using Windows share point services, help control distribution of sensitive documents, create organizational solutions with XML and gather information on MS Word. The site provides information about the requirements of the system with reference to the operating system, processor, memory, hard disk, drive, display, Internet connection and other information necessary to use the product effectively. The site provides the price of the full version of the product and also states the price of the upgrade version. I can use a link on the site to order online the full version or the upgrade of the product. I can check the status of back order using an appropriate link in the web site. The most helpful feature of the site to me is the information provided on the link of Word 2003 tour. It provides information with the aid of pictorial presentations, about how to simplify collaboration and reduce version control issues, control document distribution, control editing and formatting changes, see comments and revision marks more easily, create organizational solutions with XML, use smart documents to reuse data stored in word 2003 documents and customized functionality with enhanced smart tags. The site also provides assistance as to how to find facts easily, get help when needed, read comfortably, mark documents and send faxes by internet. I can also take the online test drive of the latest version of MS Word. MS Product licensing advisor provides an easy-to-use online tool with reference to product licensing. For the small business I am running there is comprehensive information about MS small business edition 2003. The site provides an overview of the product and its benefit like the ease of use and its suitability to help me managing customers and sales opportunities, create marketing material, manage e-mail communications and information sharing. The information with reference to price and system requirements and the procedure to buy online are also provided. Microsoft Corporation has developed an excellent website that provides comprehensive information that enables me to study and buy their products with the utmost ease. References Microsoft. Retrieved November 17, 2006 From http://www.microsoft.com/ Â   Â  

Gender wage gap Essay

Gender wage gap is defined as difference between the mens earnings and also the womens earning according to hourly earnings, annual earnings or even weekly earnings. Gender wage gap is referred to difference between an average of all male earnings and all female earning in comparison to percentage of the male earnings (Shamie, 1986). In contrary to this gender wage gap may be expressed as gender pay gap. It is identified that the gender wage gap does not consistently accustom to part time workers earnings. It is absolutely 17.5 since this is the current percentage of average earnings that is held compulsory. Reasons for gender wage gap There are reasons as to why the gender wage gap happens. These reasons include the congressional District whereby the state does not administer the stack up of the gender workers hence there are disparities encountered. The second reason explores that, people have been wondering about the gender wage gap whereby men have been getting paid much more payment than women (Hirsch, 2010). There are people perspectives which lay a foundation that women are getting paid less because they choose lower paying jobs as well as working part time than the male. In moral view, within the US a gender wage gap has already been spotted to have affected women of all ages, education levels, different races and also ethnicity. However, women have been experienced the gender wage gap even though some states are worse in gender wage gap than others. The gender wage gap has taken its place in most of the states in a way that its worse for women of color. Probably all women are affected by the gender wage gap but for the women of color are not affected so worse.

Martin Luther King, Jr. and Racial Discrimination Essay

A quick review of the current headlines of America’s newspapers, blogs and chat rooms speaks volumes about the advances that African-Americans have made in the quest to gain equality in a nation that proclaims â€Å"liberty and justice for all†, but has sadly fallen short of delivering that promise to minorities in decades past. This, of course, brings to mind the struggle to end racial discrimination, a struggle that owes an endless gratitude to Martin Luther King, Jr, a leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Sadly, King lost his life to an assassin’s bullet; ironically, this research will prove that Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s fight and dedication to peace and dictated the way in which he tried to end racial discrimination, and he never used force to reach his end result. Who Was Martin Luther King, Jr? If it is possible to fully understand the mindset of Martin Luther King, Jr. , his mission and methods, it is important to likewise gain a better understanding of who he was as not only a social advocate but also as a human being. A simple quote from the last speech that King ever gave, prior to his tragic murder so early in life, speaks a great deal about his philosophy and faith: â€Å"I just want to do God’s will, and he has allowed me to go up to the mountain† (Dyson, 2000, p. 2) In saying this, what King was trying to convey was that he was not motivated by fame, wealth or personal recognition, but rather that he was motivated by what is right, and that he had been given the privilege of using his wisdom and popularity to gain equality for all Americans, regardless of their race. When looking back on the writings and speeches of King, it becomes apparent that he truly advocated non-violent actions to achieve his goals and realize his dream, but he also realized that it would be necessary for blood to shed, probably his most of all, for the dream to come to life. In fairness, it would neither be fair nor correct to depict Martin Luther King, Jr. as a saint or a supernatural figure, no matter how impressive his actions in his life and the sacrificial nature of his death. In its purest sense, King’s message held that it is legally, morally and philosophically the right thing for everyone to have equal rights, regardless of their race. What he intended was for everyone to have the opportunity to prove their abilities, advance based their hard work and initiative and improve their standard of living as much as anyone else. However, it would seem that King has created a monster of sorts, as his message has been perverted for selfish purposes over the years to indicate that minorities should be given preference because of prior deprivations and disadvantages, something which creates a sizeable level of friction between races in America to the present day. Additionally, it has been alleged by King’s critics that he resorted to grandstanding as a means of gaining attention for his cause (Greenblatt, 2008). Suffice it to say that King, in the final analysis was not a superhero, nor was he all style and no substance. In actuality, he was an intelligent, motivated individual who was driven by zeal to make a difference in the world, eradicate wrongs that he observed in that world, and try to generate harmony for minorities and non-minorities through the promotion of peace between the two groups. Simply put, King was human, but doing everything humanly possible to rise above the limitations of what he saw as an unjust world. Turning Imprisonment into Freedom Perhaps one of the clearest statements of King’s support of non-violent action in order to eradicate injustice and discrimination anywhere that it existed in the United States can be found in his writing that would become known as â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. The â€Å"letter† came into existence when King was arrested as a result of his protesting activities in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, which as that time and place was believed by many to be the most racially segregated and prejudiced city in the United States of America. Adding insult to injury, the clergy of Birmingham leveled the allegation that King and his groups of non-violent protesters who came to Birmingham were in fact outsiders who were essentially interfering with matters that they had no business being involved with in the first place. Taking a certain level of offense at this accusation, King addressed his letter directly to the clergy of Birmingham who were making the accusations and managed to cleverly outline his strategies for achieving meaningful change without using violence, the precedent for doing so throughout Biblical texts and secular history accounts, and precisely what he and his many fellow advocates intended to realize in the end after the actions took place (Abcarius & Klotz, 2007). Additionally, some other facets of the letter deserve recognition. King uses terms like â€Å"loyalty† and â€Å"sacred values† to make the argument that the battle to end discrimination is something that is not only of the mind of all people, but also a matter of the heart. Further, he makes the assertion that the level of difficulties that existed in Birmingham made involvement by outsiders not only appropriate, but also necessary. Thus, it can be fairly argued that King was ready, willing and able to selflessly embark on a crusade of freedom, wherever that crusade happened to take him. King’s Death Gave Added Life to His Dream As this research was introduced, the point was made that ironically, a non-violent activist like Martin Luther King, Jr. had his life prematurely snuffed out by a violent act on the part of an individual whose sole motivation seemed to be violence in order to reach his goal (Kukathas, 2008). Adding to the irony of King’s murder is that his assassin intended for the murder to also kill King’s dream of equality for all, but in the final analysis, the exact opposite took place. As tragic as his death was, it seemed to speak a million words, telling everyone that racial hatred is not only wrong, but could also be fatal. When faced with life and death, many soon realized that a better dialogue on the issue of race was necessary. While the road to equality would be slow, it was aided by the sacrifice made by Martin Luther King, Jr. upon his death. King in Context and Conclusion As has been seen in this research, Martin Luther King, Jr. was more motivated than perfect, active than violent. In fact, the point has been made by examining pivotal writings of King and his historic record of activism that he made the progress that he did without ever raising a violent hand to anyone. Therefore, in conclusion, what is seen in King is a non-violent catalyst for change in a world that sadly, was too violent to allow him to continue living in it. While those who would come after him would attempt to twist his words for their own benefit and depict King as something that he was not, over the course of history, it has been proven that the quality of what he offered to the world has withstood the test of time and when it is revitalized and used as he designed it, can continue to be successful in the modern United States of America. Hopefully, it will continue to do so as time moves forward. Works Cited Abcarias, R. & Klotz, M. (Eds) (2007). Literature: The Human Experience of Reading and Writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Dyson, M. E. (Ed) (2000). The True Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: The Free Press Greenblatt, A. (2008). The Legacy of Disadvantage in the United States Kukathas, U (Ed) (2008). Race and Ethnicity. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press

Compare and contrast the key appeal factors of the world's top four Essay

Compare and contrast the key appeal factors of the world's top four receiving countries(arrivals 2005)namely France,Spain,USA,China - Essay Example In other words, to every country there holds its own specialty. People visit different countries for not only trade but to spend their vacations, to take out time to explore the world and its beauty. These migrations benefit the countries in a manner to hold up the foreign exchange along with the enhancement of business of their countries. Most of the countries show up their basic historical culture and tradition to keep it alive among the new generation and spreading it all over the world. It is being noticed that technology introduces a new change in every field of daily use. A person traveling of one's pleasure is known to be a tourist and the process or migrations tourist make till one returns back to the homeland is known to be tourism. Tourist is said to be a name to visitor who travels the t other country to visit it for the cause of business or his pleasure. According to Mathieson and Wall (1982), tourism is "the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations and the facilities created to cater their needs."8 In simple words, Wall and Mathieson wants to say that visiting a place other than usual places like office, schools, relative homes; a place where person moves to accomplish his personal or business desires. Desires may be to attain mental relaxation from the fast track life or desires may to achieve more trading clients to enhance own assets. Studying more about tourist and tourism, Macintosh and Goeldner (1986) defines tourism i n words like, "the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."8 This is simple and easy defining the same philosophy of tourism in mould of different words. KEY APPEAL FACTORS Traveling from one place to another was a big major time consuming issue. Its developments were simultaneously acting by the passage of time. On foot traveling was done before 1500A.D when stagecoach was invented. This is a carriage pulled by the horse. It in minority but yet being seen now a day and now it's the cheaper transportation to move from one place to another. Then in England in 1825, passenger-carrying railroads, i.e., trains are developed moving the research on the development of boats and ships which was first sailed in ocean in 1840. This transportation was usually used to move on the land across seven seas through oceans. Automobiles and now the most famous transportation is air travel. Traveling may be done for one or more of the following dimensions: Natural Resources Culture Ethnicity Entertainment Extreme Tourism, which includes adventurous activities. Traveling is just not the reason but a name to live a healthy stay at guest place and enjoy that happy tensionless mood which requires following facilities: Lodging Food & Beverages Support Services Infrastructure, services like communication, water for general use, electricity etc. These all facilities require for the following the visitor or tourist to be filled

Team Building 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Building 3 - Term Paper Example However, there are a number of various exercises that help to minimize conflicts and get ready to them (Schellenberg, 1996). One of the best team-building exercises to avoid conflicts is a hands-in exercise that helps to distinguish a workplace incivility. It is entitled Are You Part of the Problem? To do this exercise the participants are to answer eight questions and then analyze the results. The questions are the following ones: 1) Did you pay little attention to the information given by someone else or demonstrate little interest in his/her point of view? 2) Did you make demeaning, derogatory or rude remarks about some person? 3) Did you make any unwanted attempts to draw some person into a discussion of any personal issues? 4) Did you make fun of someone at work? 5) Did you make any religious, ethnic or racial jokes at work? 6) Did you curse someone at work? 7) Did you publicly embarrass some person at work? 8) Did you play a mean prank on someone at work? It is recommended to d o this exercise with all employees in the end of every year. This gives an opportunity to analyze the relationship between people and the probability of conflict situations. It is necessary to prepare the cards with questions for this exercise. Each card should include the above-mentioned questions and a scheme for points. It may be printed the following way: Never Often 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 The employees should choose one point for each question and then draw conclusions. The results may be the following ones: 8-16 means good organizational citizen 17-31 – careful, one’s mean streak is showing 32-40 – there is a real social porcupine The above-mentioned exercise is also very helpful if it is necessary to find out if there are any personal conflicts at work. It is rather important to do that as such conflicts prevent people from working more successfully. Moreover, according to statistics, there are about four hundred twenty various psyc hological disorders that may cause conflicts at work. So, the necessity of the above-mentioned exercise is evident. However, it is not very easy to make it a part of team work. That is why it is also important to create some plan or strategy to apply the exercise and motivate very employee to take an active part in it. Every person should understand that he/she should test his/her disposition to conflict situations at work. I suggest the following plan for applying an exercise suggested above. 1) The first thing to do is to prepare an exercise. So, it is necessary to create cards, print questions and scale for analyzing the results on them. It is better to use bright colours to make cards, because this will help to establish friendly atmosphere during answering the questions. 2) Then, it is necessary to prepare the employees to the exercise. This cannot be done spontaneously. People should know when and how they will take part in interrogations. Moreover, they should be aware of the purpose and necessity of the things done by them. So, the employees and the one who is in charge of doing an exercise should have a talk in order to capture the people’s attention to the exercise. 3) It is important to deliver a lecture about conflict before doing an exercise. This will help to understand that it is important to