Human Factors in Technology Essay Example for Free

Human Factors in technology EssayCompanies now more than ever ar fitted to utilize technology to be able to one learn that the caller-ups values and ethics are readily available to their employees and dickens technologies provide tools for managers to enforce company policies in relation to ethics. Companies engagement tools such as Microsoft Share register as wholesome as an internal Intranet for posting its values and ethics making them easy to make up ones mind as fountainhead as tools for understanding them. By doing so the company can and then ensure that there isnt really any excuse that can be used for not being sensible of the ethics and therefore create a zero tolerance for ethical violations by its employees. Technology provides some(prenominal) tools for managers to be able to monitor their employees use of meshing since many companies are opening up the use of the internet at work finding value in surrendering their employees to use the internet especi ally companionable media while at work start out to ensure that the usage is within the compliance of the companies values.Some of these tools image from having each employee sign a drug user agreement during the initial hiring process making it clear up front what type of usage is appropriate and spelling out what are clear violations of the usage policy. IT departments at once are able to put into place system that allow monitor and alert them to a user that may have either intentionally or unintentionally have ended up at a web site that would contain content that violates the companies ethical standards. When this happens typically the companies monitoring software will warn the individual that this site is not approved for use at work as good as send a message to their manager letting them know there has been a website accessed that isnt appropriate. This then gives the manager the opportunity to talk with the employee and establish if the site is truly inappropriate at w ork or if the user truly did not intend to access that site. This type of environs can be viewed in a couple of different ways, one would be a big brformer(a) approach that the company is constantly watching everyplace its employees shoulder creating a culture of suspicion and mistrust.Another view could be seen as a company taking responsibility for the resources it provides to ensure their employees are one remaining productive, 2 maximizing assists provided to the employees rather than wasting company time and cost for the technology and of course ensuring that the activity whether on break or during work hours does not violate the companies ethical standards. Technology provides valuable tools for human resources professionals forthwith such as conducting background checks, maintaining employment records. There are several major areas in which HR has been changed dynamically through the advancement of technology and the effect that it has on corporate culture.These areas ar e Recruiting (choosing the best hooked applicant for the job), Evaluations (metrics or best practices for measuring performance, pay scales and benefits packages), training within HR growing biography managers, keeping up to date on labor laws and regulations and Retaining the talent pool (keeping a low turn-over) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). Recruiting has sure as shooting seen a shift from advertising in the classifieds and job boards to internet search engines such as LINKDIN, usajobs.gov, monster.com, thus just to name a few these sites allow job seekers to post their resumes and qualifications, and search for openings with companies all over the world.These sites also allow for recruiters to conduct searches for potential applicants who have the qualifications they are looking for. This has led to a quick turn around time to finding and filling positions with the best-qualified applicants, ease of use for HR professionals as well as the cost savings for companies that used to utilize head hunters and the time it took for recruiters to screen applicants from all over the country. Another tool that has saved money and added convenience for both HR professionals as well as applicants is the ability to send questioners, interview with applicants through software such as SKYPE that utilizing both video and sound recording versus travel costs and online assessments (such as typing tests or call center simulations) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002).Performance measurement tools are making improvements but not as quickly some methods that are available are tools that allow managers to be able to capture screen shots and track production levels through software. In call centers a manager is able to provide filters for specific types of calls to evaluate such as time parameters or other criteria when the call meets the criteria the screen records the entire transaction along with the audio from the phone call for performance discuss afterwards.Benefits handling has seen c hanges in the way they are handled and processed through newer technology. Employees are able through the internet or intranet to be able to review benefits, sign up for benefits or make changes as well as research differences between benefits packages to ensure the package is a good fit for their situation (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). preparation and Professional Development has always been vital to ensure that companys employees are able to have the right training and knowledge to provide the most productivity. An important key to training is continual modify training as newer processes are implemented or technology itself how to provide the training quickly for a seamless transition. Companies are able to provide step by step modules employ what appears to be choke screen shots simulated for the employee. The system will provide instructions on how to perform a billet or task and then have the trainee perform the task, providing feedback if the user clicks in the wrong place or c hooses the wrong command. This allows for almost real time experience handling using training accounts avoiding costly errors. This workings has shown to be more beneficial since the user is seeing the same screen and commands, as they will when using the actual system.ConclusionTechnology has provided tools in todays workplace that allow companys to help train and manage ethical guidelines, in turn shaping the culture and work environment for its employees. Human Resource Management through innovative technology is growing and saving companys money in using newer methods for recruiting, retention, training and benefits than ever before.ReferencesChapman, A. (n.d.). training and learning development. ( alan chapman 1995-2010 ) Retrieved December 01, 2012, from Business balls.comhttp//www.businessballs.com/traindev.htmElizabeth Regan, B. O. (2002). Implementing private and Work Group Technologies. Retrieved DEC 11, 2012, from University of Phoenix https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content /eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=0c85207c-4579-445d-b2e5-278c996a3835assetmetaid=9f9341ec-776c-4a2c-8e8c-422fc4e5f1feELLEN A. ENSHER, T. R.-V. (2002). Effects of the Internet and Technology on HR Processes. Retrieved JAN 14, 2013, from Organizational Dynamics, www.organizational-dynamics.comSpears, S. (2012, DEC 13). Implement a New Technology Plan. Retrieved DEC 23, 2012, from University of Phoenix https//classroom.phoenix.edu

The Great Depression in Arkansas Essay Example for Free

The huge drop-off in Arkansas EssayHave you ever wondered about The great(p) Depression during the 1930s? During that time period 1930-1940, there were harsh times. volume got hung, prices were low. Gas price was 5 to 10 cents a gallon. One quart of milk costed 14 cents. During The Great Depression, unemployment rate was 25%. As of today, the unemployment rate is 7.2 percent. It has fall 18.3% since 1930. People lost jobs because times were so harsh. People got depressed because of unemployment or losing their jobs. Also people got hung or killed. 27 people got hung/killed. People got mad because they caused them to get unemployed. People got mad when losing their job. People got hung for causing new(prenominal) people to get unemployed.During The Great Depression, one quart of milk costed 14 cents. One gallon of milk costed 55 cents. A roundabout steak costed 42 cents. As of 2012 milk costs 4 dollars. A round steak costs 3 dollars. One quart of milk costs 1 dollar. Theref ore, today we have newer automobiles and gas. During The Great Depression, a car costed about 1,000 dollars. As of 2012 a car costs 20,000 to 50,000 dollars. Gas costed 5 to 10 cents a gallon during The Great Depression. As of today gas cost 3.20 dollars a gallon. Finally, The Great Depression 1930-1941 was very harsh times for Arkansas. Some people survived and some people died, people got unemployed and depressed. People went broke the average salary was 1,900 dollars a year.

Consider how and why Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Consider how and why Shakespeargon EssayConsider how and why Shakespe be uses rude(a) images in sonnet XVIII, Shall I compare thee and act ii, scene 2, of Romeo and Juliet. In my coursework I am going to analyse two works of Shakespeare, these will be praise XVIII and Romeo and Juliet. Both of these poems show share similarities, the main unmatched being the theme chouse.In Sonnet XVIII, a man is talking some a woman, and is act to find a comparison to her, that will do her beauty averageice, whilst Romeo and Juliet follows a love story, between these two characters, it is a romantic tend, which closings in tragedy. An early(a) shared feature of both plays is Shakespeares use of native Imagery. This is a technique that is often used by writers, and is a favoured method of writing used by Shakespeare. Natural tomography is used in writing for description and/or comparison. In these two instances, it compares characters and feelings to that of personality.In Shake speares era, nature was enjoyed by most concourse, as it was all around them it was something that everybody understood, Shakespeare used inseparable imagery as something that pile could relate to they k bran-new that the Sun was warm, that the night was mystical, and that fire was passionate, therefore if something or someone was compared to one of these, they knew exactly what was meant. influence two, scene two in Romeo and Juliet is set in Capulets orchard. This setting is full of natural beauty plants, flowers, insects this reflects Romeo and Juliets natural love for to separately one other.When he enters into the orchard, he talks about Juliet he says that Juliet is the Sun. This is the first of many natural images indoors this scene. His comparison of her to the Sun shows very strong feelings the Sun is essential to life, it gives set about and warmth to the foundation Romeo is saying that without Juliet, he could not live and that she is the light of his life. Stars are an amazing part of nature they light up the night skies, they are bright and scenic. Romeo compares Juliets eyes to Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven. This describes the beauty of her eyes, how they are bright and vivid. The counsel that stars give light also describes his illuminate feelings for her. Stars also were thought to speak to people (Astrology). Romeo feels that Juliets eyes are so sightly and complex that they tell him a story of love and passion. O speak formerly once more, bright holy man. Romeo refers to Juliet. This statement is very ironic. Romeo states this as a positive comparison angels are scenic, they are angelic. They show immortality, just wish well his love for her.However, the bright angel that he speaks of, is Gods bright angel, named Lucipher, this bright angel fell from heaven to hell, just as Juliet will fall from life, or love, to close. Whilst on the balcony, Juliet is talking about her love for Romeo, that how he is a M ontague. She says how a name is only a name, and not a person. That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet. A rose is a beautiful flower it both looks beautiful and smells sweet. This natural image shows Juliets feelings for Romeo he is beautiful, pacify and kind.With this comparison the audience can relate more towards how Juliet feels, and her way of thinking, that Romeo is the same, loving person, whatever his name may be. However this comparison is also an example of dramatic irony. A rose is born it flourishes with beauty, alone then(prenominal) withers and dies just like their love, at this point there love is just being born, but by the end of the play they die. The audience are aware of a tragedy in the end of this play, as the prologue suggests this, however at this point the characters are completely oblivious to this.At the opening of this scene, the suspicious moon is portray as a negative thing (the Sun is much more beautiful than the Moon, and only the Sun can conquer the Moon, by spreading light onto the night). At this point in the scene, the moon is again described negatively. Romeo tries to swear by the moon of his love for her. However Juliet then speaks, O swear not by the moon, th inconstant moon. The moon is forever changing Juliet wants their love for each other to stay the same they are already feeling true love for each other, why would they want that to change?Juliet now speaks of how quick their meeting has been, too like the lightening, she describes it as. Lightening is quick but beautiful, just like their meeting. It is also bright and powerful, like their love for each other. However lightning also symbolises danger, it is destructive, just like their relationship. The meeting that they corroborate just had is the beginning of all of this they declare their love for each other and so the destruction of their lives begins, their love is quick but beautiful.Juliets comparison to the meeting is more acc urate than she thinks, again showing dramatic irony. On their parting, Juliet compares Romeo and their love like a wantons bird, this is a caged bird, reflecting how their love should be freed, and how it is forbidden. She goes on to say that were Romeo a bird she would kill thee with much cherishing. This statement is incredibly ironic and foreshadows events, as their love for each other does end up in killing them both. Romeo then says to Juliet, Sleep dwell upon thine eyes,.This again foreshadows events that are to come. Romeo is wishing Juliet to go to sleep. This is ironic as Juliets sleep later on in the play ends in the suicide of Romeo. In Sonnet XVIII, the narrator of the poem is trying to compare a beautiful woman to something that will do her justice. He begins to compare her to a summers day, but then realises that she is much unwrap than that. The initial comparison to a summers day is the first and most obvious example of natural imagery summer is beautiful and warm , much like the woman he speaks of.He goes on to say how shingly windes do shake the darling buds of Maie. This shows how summer is vulnerable, the woman is not. The word buds also represents new life, or new love. Shakespeare then goes on to describe the negative aspects of summer, lease hath all to of a sudden a date. This states how summer is short it begins and ends. The womans beauty is ongoing, it does not begin, nor end, it is eternal. The sun is now personified, to make it easier for the audience to compare it to the woman it is described as the eye of heaven, with often is his gold complexion dimd. This presents another difference of the woman to the sun the sun brightens and dims but, once again, the womans beauty is constant, it is forever the same. The word gold in this phrase also symbolises wealth and beauty, much like the woman. Nor shall death brag though wandrst in his shade, The writer has previously stated how her beauty is immortal, it will master death. In this line the write personifies death wandrst in his shade. This makes the task of defeating death seem much easier if death is actually mortal.The final two lines, which are also a rhyming couplet, are like a conclusion to the poem and the writers thoughts. He explains how her beauty is immortalised through the poem. So long lives this, and gives life to thee. The word this within the line is once again, embodiment, this time of the poem itself. It is stating that the womans beauty has been trapped and kept alive within the poem. The personification of the poem makes it much easier for the audience to understand how her beauty is immortalised through it if the poem lives, so does the womans beauty.To conclude, I digest found a lot of natural imagery in both of the works that I have read. In Romeo and Juliet, the natural imagery is used mainly to compare the feelings they have for each other to nature. However, the way it is used is very ironic almost every use of natural im agery has a duple meaning, e. g. Rose, Juliet means this to be beautiful, however it also shows how, just like a rose, their love will begin, flourish, and at last die. At the time of the meeting that Romeo and Juliet have, they are not aware of the tragedy that is about to occur.In Sonnet XVIII, the natural imagery is used to compare beauty. It is used to show how beautiful the woman is, as she is portrayed better than nature, or a summers day. This poem seems to be negative throughout, but is, in fact, just reflecting upon how beautiful the woman in the poem actually is. I can see from both of these texts that natural imagery is an effective way to describe thoughts, feelings, and things. The audience of the time would have easily been able to relate to each of the natural images that Shakespeare presented to them.

Job Satisfaction in MNCs

antic Satisfaction in MNCs trouble Satisfaction in MNCIntroduction product parenthood gaiety is unmatchable of or so authoritative fields of convey in the subject of hu public re blood heed. This important role of bloodline mirth function leads the federal agency in assuring amply level of melodic phrase pleasure among the employees. handicraft enjoyment function of whatsoever HR vertical of an governing is primarily responsible for productiveness of employees and the employee dollar volume. Since these two sentiments put up make or break the organizations deed in all aras, it requires attention from top management. vocation comfort function primarily is part of the HR vertical with a clear mandate of motivating employee and continuously striving for high employee line gratification finished introduction of new policies and frame gives. The topic forms an integral part of organizational dominance and that has instigated me to choose this topic of theo rise satisfaction. I shall supply to look at the existing belles-lettres on calling satisfaction and result choose multinational companies to study their varied cheat satisfaction strategies and make analysis. person-to-person line of credit satisfaction function is a vast topic and cannot be completely c everywhereed in this dissertation. variant interrogati wizrs study already published their search articles on this subject. I shall be checking on it by means of understanding the unlike strategies used by MNCs in todays business environment for maintaining dampen levels of lineage satisfaction. suppose satisfaction as stated earlier is a complex topic and hence i will try to break it down to simpler and much realistic frame exertions to understand the thought process of an organization to ensuring better dividing line satisfaction amongst its employees. check to Wood (1973), dividing line satisfaction is the condition of contentment with ones function and its e nvironment, denoting a positively charged attitude. Locke (1976) stated that, job satisfaction could be viewed as a pleasant or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences.In other words, it can excessively be stated that, job satisfaction was simply a function of the breaker point to which a job provided the doer with positively values outcomes. Wanous (1980) said that, job satisfaction was a match between a persons need and the rein gougement conveyd from work performed in an organization.The HR vertical of both organization shall try to achieve high(prenominal) levels of job satisfaction through and through various techniques like awards program, job rotation, internal onward motion scheme, family tours and training processes. at that place is no destination to achieving job satisfaction but the journey is perpetual in record. Continuous improvement is the name of the game in achieving relatively good job satisfaction amongst t he employees. The peak of job satisfaction can only be achieved through comparison in similar industries and through the employee turnover and productivity data.Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied constructs. However, job satisfaction is among the most difficult constructs to define. A review of literature shows that constituted definitions of the construct vary from one inquiryer to the next. Wood (1973) describe the job satisfaction as the condition of contentment with ones work and its in my mind, denoting a positive attitude(p.8.). Locke (1976) stated that job satisfaction could be viewed as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences. (p.1300)thither ar several reasons for studying job satisfaction. Organizations study job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed top kinship to the short-term goals of cost decline through add-ond individual productivity and re duced absences, errors, and turnover. (Cranny et al, 1992). Levels of job dissatisfaction have been show to be related to job turnover, absences, and tardiness.Turnover rates have been the most consistent major associated with job satisfaction. The potential negative consequences of employee turnover in terms of the bushel of organizations. Negative effects of job turnover can entangle increased costs to recruit, select and train new employer demoralization of remaining employees fall affectionate relationships among employees negative public relations disruption of a hi-fi and two-day activities and decreased organizational possibilities to heed emersion strategies. In fact, several researchers reported a significant relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction.According to Lawler (1977), the research show clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will go to work on any devoted day and whether they will quit as affected by their feelings of job sat isfaction. All the literature reviews on the subject have reached the aforementioned(prenominal) conclusion. The fact that point satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly insinuates that the commercial message direction is from satisfaction to behavior.The literature in addition reveals that there is a coalition chip between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the word itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, works conditions, EH, Ted Ne easy, educational level, job activities, and gender.The invention of the larnThe purpose to choose this topic is to analyze the importance of job satisfaction in Multi field of study Companies (MNCs). The reason to go for MNCs is the increase in the shift over of the employees for future growth. The shifting, thus, includes the satisfaction in the abandoned job role. Through my research, I will try to analyze the causes an d effect relationship between the employee and the computes rear job satisfaction in a give MNC.Aim of the StudyThe main aim of the study is to investigate the remains leading to negative and positive job satisfaction in a MNC.The Objectives of the StudyThe key objectives of the chosen topic ar1. Estimating the causes of employee attitudes.2. Adjudging the results of positive or negative job satisfaction3. amount the employee attitude4. To assess facet- specific(prenominal) levels of job satisfaction5. To measure general job satisfaction,Literature ReviewThere are several reasons for studying job satisfaction. Organizations measure job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-term goals of cost reduction through increased individual productivity and reduced absenteeism, errors, and dissatisfaction has been anchor to be related to job turnover, absenteeism and tardiness.Turnover rates have been the most constraints measure associated with job satisfaction (Atchison L finisherts, 1972 Brayfield Crockett, 1955l Dawis Lofquist, 1981). Mowday (1984) reduplicate the probable pessimistic significance of employee turnover in terms of the impact on organizations. There are various impacts of pessimism in job satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as* accession in the recruitment cost.* Recruiting new employees and then training them as well.* It can lead to reduced social relations ships among employees.* No or only few public relations.* Reduction in companys prospects which can bail the growth.According to Lawler (2005), the research evidence clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will get to work on any given day and whether they will quit are effected by their feelings of job satisfaction. The fact that present satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal direction is from satisfaction to behavior.There is a correlativity between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, running(a) conditions, supervision, job activities and gender.Research MethodologySaunders et al (2005) Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.The research to be fol beginninged is a step-by-step process. This makes the entire research process systematic. Only primary research shall be used to draw inferences. The sources used shall be of international repute and will be trustworthy. The main source will be case study and also some books, journals, articles and publications including Internet sources.Literature reviewJob satisfaction in regards to ones feeling or state of mind regarding record of their work. Job can be influenced by variety of factors like pure tone of ones relationship with their supervisor, quality of phy sical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc.Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been define variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a persons attitude towards job.Job satisfaction is an attitude which results from balancing summation of many specific likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the job- their evaluation may rest largely upon ones success or ill fortune in the achievement of personal objective and upon perceived combination of the job and combination towards these ends.According to pes sapidityjee, Job satisfaction can be taken as a summation of employees feelings in four important areas. These are1. Job-nature of work (dull, dangerous, interesting), hours of work, fellow workers, opportunities on the job for promotion and advancement (prospects), overtime regulations, interest in work, physical environment, and machines and tools.2. Management- supervisory treatment, participation, rewards and punishments, praises and blames, leaves policy and favoritism.3. Social relations- friends and associates, neighbors, attitudes towards people in community, participation in social performance socialibility and caste barrier.4. Personal adjustment-health and emotionality.Job satisfaction is an exponent of employee productivity and employee behavior at work. This may include inter employee relations, pro-activeness of employee, employee absenteeism no. of feedbacks from employees. These all factors are a direct measure of employee satisfaction of the job. The direct correlation has been established by earlier researchers and moreso there is logical evidence to it in any business or industry.The higher levels of job satisfaction is evident in an organization through lower absenteeism rates, low employee turnover, high employee productivity , proactively level of employees, labor unrest issues and participation in manage rial decisions. Obviously, e real organization desires for higher levels of employee job satisfaction however it is a long drawn process with continuous improvement and direct focus from the senior leadership police squad of the organization.Job satisfaction cannot be used interchangeably with organizational morale which the possessions of feeling have being accepted by and belonging to a group of employees through adherence to common goals and confidence in desirability of these goals.Morale is the by-product of the group, while job satisfaction is more an individual state of mind.DEFINITIONS OF wrinkle SATISFACTIONDifferent authors give various definitions of job satisfaction. virtually of them are taken from the book of D.M. Pestonjee Motivation and Job Satisfaction which are given belowAs per Weiss, Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable, emotional, state resulting from appraisal of ones job. An effective fight backion to ones job. For Blum and Naylor, Job satisfaction is general attitude, which is the result of many specific attitudes in three areas namely1. Precise wrinkle features.2. Personal distinctiveness3. Group association exterior from the workAccording to Glimmer, Job satisfaction is defined, as it is result of various attitudes the person hold towards the job, towards the related factors and towards the life in general.Job satisfaction is defined as any contribution, psychological, physical, and environmental circumstances that cause a person truthfully register, I am pleasant with my job.Mr. Smith stated, Job satisfaction is defined, as employees judgment of how well his job on a whole is satisfying his various inevitablyAccording to Locke, Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable or positive state of mind resulting from appraisal of ones job or job experiences. fib OF JOB SATISFACTIONThe term job satisfaction was brought to lime light by hoppock (1935). He revive 35 studies on job satisfaction conducted prior to 1933 and obs erves that Job satisfaction is combination of psychological, physiologic and environmental circumstances. That causes a person to say. I m satisfied with my job. Such a description indicate the variety of variables that influence the satisfaction of the individual but tell us nothing about the nature of Job satisfaction.Job satisfaction has been most aptly defined by Pestonjee (1973) as a job, management, personal adjustment social requirement. Morse (1953) considers Job satisfaction as dependent upon job content, identification with the co., fiscal job status priding group cohesiveness.One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne study. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton mayonnaise of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers productivity.Hawthorne StudiesIt is considered to be one of the scoop out researches done on the job satisfaction. It was condu cted by Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson during the late 1920s and early 1930s at the western sandwich Electric Company. Western Electric Management enlisted the help of Harvard business School professor is Elton Mayo, F.J Roethlisberger, and William Dickson, to help increase the output of workers assembling telephone release. The research started out as an investigation of the effects of physical working conditions on worker productivity, but ended up very differently.Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson originally begin experimenting with the amount of lighting, expecting that productivity would rise as elimination increased to an optimum level. However, the hypothesis that productivity would write just as elimination increased to an optimum level was strongly disapproved why, after several experiments in large departments of the plant, it was detect that changes in productivity occurred quite independently of B level of elimination.Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson then started experimenting by introducing rest pauses of different lengths and different frequencies during the work day, supplying coffee breaks at various points in the day, and neutering the length of the solid ground today at the work week. The results of the second part of the experiment were more amazing there was an up trend in output, regardless of the introduction or withdrawal of rest periods, lunches, coffee breaks, shorter workdays, or shorten workweeks. Furthermore, avoid the experiment ended after a year, and the original conditions of work were restored in all previous(prenominal) privileges withdrawn, the daily and weekly output rose to our point higher than at any other time. (Mayo, 1933, pp.62-63)In addition, morale among the relay assembly room workers improved dramatically. There was a sharp increase in the amount of socializing among workers after ours. Moreover, absenteeism decreased 80% (Roethlisberger Dickson 1939). According to Dawis Lofquist (1981), the Hawthorne studies have b een credited with limiting research into the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.These researches howevertually illustrated that original alterations in job situations provisionally enhanced efficiency (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was subsequently establish that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed.This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction.scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and put inwork towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages.The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus deviation researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction.It should also be noted that the work of W.L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylors work.Some argue that Maslows hierarchy of unavoidably theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories.Maslows hierarchy of needsAbraham Maslow, in a classic paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of human motivation. Maslow viewed human motivation in terms of a hierarchy of five n eeds psychology needs safety need belonging there is an alarm needs S team needs and, the need for self actualization (Maslow, 1970).According to Maslow, 1970, in the majors are motivated to fulfill whichever need was pre-portend, almost fourfold, for them at a given time. The pre-potency of the meat depended on the EBV twirls period situation and recent experiences. Starting with physical needs, which were most basic, each meat must be at least partially dissatisfied before the Indian visual experience to the desire to satisfy a need at the next higher level. Maslows need hierarchy is illustrated in 1.According to Sergiovanni (1984) and Davis and Newstrom (1989), physiological needs more likely to serve as motivators among workers in todays society, as most jobs issue or the fulfillment of physiological needs, such as food and shelter. However, higher level needs (belonging is and loved needs, S team needs, and the need for self actualization) may influence levels of employee moti vation (Davis Newstrom, 1989).Levels of job satisfactionLevel can be defined as an extent, major, or degree of achievement. Job satisfaction is a difficult construct a defined. Job satisfaction can be defined generally as the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about their jobs.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF JOB SATISFACTION Job satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees feel about their job and a predictor of work behavior such as organizational, citizenship, Absenteeism, Turnover. Job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behavior. Common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life style.This correlation is reciprocal meaning the people who are satisfied with the life tends to be satisfied with their jobs and the people who are satisfied their jobs tends to satisfied with their life. This is vital piece of info that is job satisfaction and job performance is directly related to on e another. Thus it can be said that, A happy worker is a productive worker.2.4 Job Satisfaction brilliance to worker organizationJob contentment and work-related achievement are main factors in individual satisfaction, self-worth, reek of worth, and self-development. To the employee, job satisfaction brings a pleasant expressive state that can often lead to a affirmative work attitude. A pleased worker is more likely to be imaginative, flexible, innovative, and dependable.For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is enthused and dedicated to high quality performance. Augmented output- the quantity and quality of output per hour worked seem to be a by creation of enhanced class of working life. It is vital to note that the literature on the association between job happiness and output is incomplete definite nor consistent.On the other hand, research dating back to Herzbergs time (1957) has shown at least low association between high confidence and high efficiency and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will be likely to add more worth to an organization.Discontented employees, who are stimulated by fear of loss of job, will not give 100 percent of their effort for a very long time. Although apprehension is a powerful motivator, it is also a brief one, and also as curtly as the threat is lifted performance will decline.Employment satisfaction profits the organization and includes reduction in complaints and grievances, employee absenteeism, work force turnover, and termination as well as improved regularity and worker morale. Job liking is also connectioned with a improved work force and has been found to be a good pointer of prolonged existence.Even though only slight connection has been found amongst job satisfaction and productivity, Brown (1996) writes that few employers have discovered that satisfying or delighting work force is one of the most important prerequisite to satisfying or delighting customers , thus ensuring the growth of bottom line of the organization.Job Satisfaction Employees ResponsibilityIf job contentment is a worker advantage, certainly the employee must be talented to add to his or her own contentment and comfort on the job. The following suggestions can service an employee to find his or her own satisfaction at job search for opportunities to display skills and aptitude. This repeatedly leads to even more demanding work and higher responsibilities, with assistant increases in salary and other recognition and rewards.* Build up extraordinary communiqu skills. Companys value and rewards excellent reading, listening, writing and speaking skills.* Be acquainted with more. Obtain new work related information and skill that helps you to complete job more economically and effectively. This will take off monotony and often gets one noticed.* Reveal creativity and initiative. Merits like these are respected by most companies and often come with in recognition as well a s improved responsibilities and promotions.* Initiate teamwork and man management skills. A big part of job related achievement is the aptitude to work well with others to get the job done.Accept the diversity in people. Accept people with their differences and their imperfections and learn how to give and receive criticism constructively.See the value in your work. Appreciating the significance of what one does can lead to satisfaction with the work itself. This help to give meaning to ones existence, thus playing a vital role in job satisfaction.Learn to de-stress. Plan to avoid burn out by developing healthy stress management techniques.FACTORS OF JOB SATISFACTIONHoppock, the earliest investigator in this field, in 1935 suggested that there are six major components of job satisfaction. These are as under The way the individual reacts to unpleasant situations, The facility with which he change himself with other person The relative status in the social and economic group with whi ch he identifies himself The nature of work in relation to abilities, interest and preparation of worker Security LoyaltyHerzberg, mausaer, Peterson and capwell in 1957 reviewed more than 150 studies and listed various job factors of job satisfaction. These are briefly defined one by one as follows1. Intrinsic aspect of jobIt includes all of the many aspects of the work, which would tend to be constant for the work regardless of where the work was performed.2. SupervisionThis aspect of job satisfaction pertains to relationship of worker with his adjacent superiors. Supervision, as a factor, generally influences job satisfaction.3. Working conditionsThis includes those physical aspects of environment which are not necessary a part of the work. Hours are included this factor because it is primarily a function of organization, affecting the individuals comfort and lash-up in much the same way as other physical working conditions.4. Wage and salariesThis factor includes all aspect of job involving present monitory remuneration for work done.5. Opportunities for advancementIt includes all aspect of job which individual sees as potential sources of betterment of economic position, organizational status or master copy experience.6. SecurityIt is defined to include that feature of job situation, which leads to assurance for continued employment, either within the same company or within same type of work profession.7. Company managementIt includes the aspect of workers immediate situation, which is a function of organizational administration and policy. It also involves the relationship of employee with all company superiors above level of immediate supervision.8. Social aspect of jobIt includes relationship of worker with the employees specially those employees at same or nearly same level within the organization.9. CommunicationIt includes job situation, which involves spreading the information in any direction within the organization. Terms such as information o f employees status, information on new developments, information on company line of authority, suggestion system, etc, are used in literature to represent this factor.10. BenefitsIt includes those special phases of company policy, which attempts to prepare the worker for emergencies, illness, old age, also. Company allowances for holidays, leaves and vacations are included within this factor.2.7 REASONS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTIONReasons why employees may not be completely satisfied with their jobs1. meshing between co-workers.2. Conflict between supervisors.3. Not being opportunity paid for what they do.4. Have little or no say in decision making that affect employees.5. Fear of losing their job.2.8 EFFECTS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION1. gritty ABSENTEEISMAbsenteeism means it is a habitual pattern of absence from duty or obligation. If there will be low job satisfaction among the employees the rate of absenteeism will definitely increase and it also affects on productivity of organization .In the above diagram line AB shows inverse relationship between job satisfaction and rate of turnover and rate of absenteeism.As the job satisfaction is high the rate of both turns over and absenteeism is low and vise a versa.2. HIGH TURNOVERIn human resource refers to characteristics of a given company or industry relative to the rate at which an employer gains and losses the staff. If the employer is said to be have a high turnover of employees of that company have shorter tenure than those of other companies.3.TRAINING COST INCREASESAs employees leaves organization due to lack of job satisfaction. Then Human resource manager has to recruit new employees. So that the training expenditure will increases.Key parameters for Job Satisfaction1. Training and Job Satisfaction- Most of the literature in this area has focused on the impact of education and skills on job satisfaction kinda than the effect of training as such. The relationship between skill acquisition and job satisfaction is not straightforward. First, there is the distinction between general and specific skills. The portability of general skills may raise job satisfaction as it is easier to move to other jobs where satisfaction is higher. In contrast, specific skills bind the worker to the firm and may reduce satisfaction by creating a barrier to exit as workers will lose a portion of the return on such skills if they move. This leads on to the question of the matching of individual skills and levels of education with job requirements. If workers are mismatched in terms of skill and education requirements, this may lower job satisfaction, as evidenced in the earlier literature.In one of the few studies to focus on skilling, Allen and van der Velden (2001) tell between education and skill mismatches, finding only a weak relationship between the two. Importantly, they found a significant negative relationship between skill mismatch and job satisfaction, while the link between education mismatch and job satisfaction was insignificant.Training may influence workplace performance directly by raising output per worker, or be measured indirectly through its impact on the wage on the assumption that this is equal to the marginal productivity of effort. However, this will not be the case if there are imperfections in the product or labour markets.The nature of training has been examined in a number of studies. Thus Barrett and OConnell (1998) found that specific training had a bigger impact on wages and productivity than general training. Mason et al. (1996) found that both value added and product quality were higher where workers were trained to take charge of several production lines at once. Cosh et al. in a serial publication of papers (1998, 2000 and 2003) found that training had a strong and significant effect on employment growth in small firms when it was undertaken regularly rather than on an ad hoc basis. Especially for larger firms there was also an association between in tensity of training and profitability. Training may also stimulate innovation in the workplace (Bartel and Lichtenberg, 1987). Therefore it is doubtful whether different types of training impact either equally or positively on performance.Finally, training can have an indirect effect on performance if it increases job satisfaction by, for example, making it easier for employees to perform the job or feel more valued (as in Akerlofs 1982 conceptualisation of the labour contract as a gift-exchange). Petty et al.s 1984 meta-analysis confirms such outcomes. In contrast, if workers feel dissatisfied they may react in a number of ways (Farrell, 1983) through a sense of loyalty they may crush it out use a voice mechanism (Freeman, 1978, Freeman and Medoff, 1984) neglect their responsibilities to the employer by absence, lateness, striking or reduced effort (Akerlof and Yellin, 1986) or exit (Jovanovic, 1979, Burdett and Mortenson, 1998).2. Quits and Job Satisfcation- Until recently there had been

Marketing Essays Mars Bar Marketing

Marketing Essays vitiate ostracise Marketing spoil omit MarketingThe Marketing Strategy for the dam eld stuff in the unite KingdomIn this describe a strategic analysis leave be do of a Mars take out (as opposed to the Brand) I think you get to this wrong a mar Bar is a mix of milk, coffee bean, glucose, etc. you mean, I think, a review of vitiate Bar as a reaping, rather than a review of the mar Comp both as a unanimous. mar is both(prenominal) an item of confectionary and a leading orbicular brand recognisable almost anywhere in the world. NO, deflower is a global confectionary brand and the vitiate Bar is one of its flagship growths in that location will be a detailed test of the integration between strategic aims and regimenstuffing actions. Mars scheme and affinity between its target commercialise segments will be examined, along with its crossroads and services offered to the different customer groups and promotional activities.The link between t he orthogonal environment, (PEST, Porter), transaction strategy and marketing will be evaluated.A Mars parry is in essence coffee berry-malt nougat topped with a layer of caramel and covered with milk chocolate. In the United States, it is kn consume as the Milky Way disallow. (There was a Mars cast out in the United States, further it was discontinued in 2000. It was then re-launched under the late name the Snickers Almond stripe.)Mars Incorporated is a family owned fol wretched that produces close to of the worlds leading confectionery diet for thought and pet explosive charge w ares and has a growing beverage and health nutrition businesses. Headquartered in McLean, Virginia, Mars Incorporated operates in more than than 65 countries and employs more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The companys global sales ar approximately $21 one thousand thousand annually.Founded in 1911, the company manufactures and markets a variety of products under some(prenominal) of the worlds most recognisable trademarks, including MILKYWAY, MMs, SNICKERS, MARS, UNCLE BENS Rice, and PEDIGREE and WHISKAS pet c atomic number 18 products.Frank Mars was born(p) in Minnesota, USA in 1882. Due to mild polio his walking was impaired. His mother taught him to hand descent chocolate as a intend to keep him entertained. Frank married in 1902 and in 1904, Forrest Mars Sr. was born, in Minnesota.Frank Mars and his second wife started making and selling thatter unction good dealdies from their third home in Washington, in 1911. This led them to renting their first candy factory, the Mars sweeten factory Inc, which employed 125 staff. In 1920, Frank moved to a humongousr site in Minnesota, which he called nougat ho psychea. The Mar-o- stripes was offerd to the candy range in 1922. With a thumpingr site for distri scarcelyion of this candy the Mar-o- classify company was launched. After three long time of researching, the Milky Way candy bar was introduced and was an instant achiever. Sales flip-flop magnitude and more staff were hired. In 1929 Mars incorporated, now with 200 staff, relocates from Minneapolis to Chicago. The central location of Chicago offers a ruin railroad access to the rest of the country. The Snickers bar is launched in 1930. Forrest Mars Snr arrives in the UK, in pour forth to start his own business in 1932. The Mars confectionary business diversifies with the acquisition of the dog food business in the UK.When?Porters 5 flipper Forces outline of Mars BarPower of SuppliersThe antecedent of suppliers is menial. As supplies are main(prenominal)ly commodities umber, sugar, malt etc. at that place is low none in the supplies. and so Mars can undergo to be sensitive to the cost of supplies, and can easily switch to a more favourable supplier. The Labour force is largely non-specialised, and thus the post of the unions can be fancied to be low. This puts the employer at an payoff when it comes to negotiat ing the cost of labour.Forward integration by Mars suppliers is unlikely delinquent to the current oligopoly in operation, where brand strength and market share of the main players would make it difficult for bare-ass entrants to achieve the high-pitched volume of sales required to return a realise.As a large multi-national corporation, Mars may be powerfully bigger than some of its suppliers. This will found Mars an advantage in negotiations.Power of Buyers The agent of buyers is low, tho can be said to be high than the power of suppliers. Because the monetary value sensitivity of buyers is low Mars bars are a relatively cheap product there is some potential for Mars to supercharge its prices without this having a significant impact on sales. The significant brand strength of the product makes it important to the buyer, in terms of wholesalers and retailers. Ultimately retailers need to sell Mars bars, therefore reducing their power to negotiate with Mars on price. in like manner there is a low thr course of inverse integration by buyers due to Mars brand strength. There has been some backward integration from supermarkets own-brand products, but this has non resulted in supermarkets being able to stop supplying the Mars bar.The low cost for buyers to switch between rival products bring some power back in their favour. Also the size of the Mars Company and the size of its suppliers (wholesalers and supermarkets) is similar there is no receptive imbalance of power between parties.Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants is low. There are high entry costs to this market it costs a lot of currency to produce and market a new opponent from scratch. The threat is more likely from existing food companies e.g. Kelloggs cereal bars.Economies of scale are a barrier a small profit margin (for example, just 0.5p gross profit per bar of equip Kat which is actually a Nestle product why pick this as an example?) means that larger volumes need to be produced and sold to make a profit. This denies the opportunity for new entrants to develop their market share gradually over time.The extent of product differentiation in the market means that there is high brand recognition for the main products, which a new entrant would need to overcome. This can be considered extreme for Mars, where the brand has been used to launch additional products such as Mars ice cream, cakes and milkshakes.There may also be barriers for new entrants to channels of distribution. Retailers may be unwilling go to force valuable shelf space to un-proven products. In addition, the existing companies may bulk-buy shelf space, thus reducing the availability to new entrants.In favour of new entrants, there are few legal barriers to entry, though the requirements relating to food hygiene are strictly enforced. The risk to a companys reputation for failing to review these requirements are significant e.g. the salmonella outbreak in a Cadburys fac tory in 2006(?) Also, the low profit margins per bar stamp downs the ability and of Mars to engage in a price war to deter new entrants. The low price sensitivity of buyers would reduce the effectiveness of such a move in any case.Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is mean(a) relevant but not strongly significant. With the buy foodion of multi-packs from supermarkets, the Mars bar is primarily a low cost indulgence purchase. Therefore its possible substitutes are any items that fence for the same money i.e. the change in peoples pockets, and meet an indulgent need. These could be wad gum, crisps, soft drinks, boiled sweets, even newspapers. The presence of substitutes will limit Marss ability to raise prices and generate profits. notwithstanding, the relative value of all such items is low, and so it is not often likely that a potential purchaser will be put off buying a Mars Bar, because they cannot afford to buy it and, say, a newspaper.Competitive Rivalry The level of competitive rivalry in the market is medium significant but not intensive. Competition on price will be weakened by the oligopoly pattern evident in the market. This can be evidenced by parallel pricing decisions the main competitor bars have retail prices very close to each other.The market is highly tell in terms of the specific products available. There are lots of different types of bars, but only Mars make a Mars bar, only Nestle make a Kit Kat etc. This has the effect of depressing competition on price, because there are no identical rivals to the product.It can be seen that competition is more intense in non-price dimensions, and specifically in the high spend on advertizement. Mars uses a wide range of media to advertise and promote the Mars bar. The increasing level of product differentiation within the brand is also a reflection of competition new flavours of familiar products are at attempt to take market share form the main rivals.The economies of scale tha t operate in the market means that Mars must strive to maintain and improve market share, which will impel it to argue intensely with its rivals. Mars bars must sell in considerable volumes to make a profit. postage stamp Analysis of the Mars BarPoliticalNestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar (Nestle again why are they here?) is receiving criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries like the drop Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund appointment to the tune of 60 million a year. The off-white Coast provides some 40% of the worlds cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn apart by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been directly siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the manufacturing trying to transport the cocoa through its realm. lenify pres trustworthy is being applied on Mars to identify how much of its product contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to bugger off free from Conflict Cocoa. (Independent News and Media Ltd 2007)Sustainability and fair trade with gaze to cocoa has become a political hot potato with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticised for employing tactical manoeuvre that puts cocoa farmers into virtual knuckle downry, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than tralatitious arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global conglomerate can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw chemical element.The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States may cause some with a dislike of all things American to boycott the product however there does not seem to be any evidence that this has actually occurred. Due to the global use of the product and its association through manufacture a nd distribution with other countries like the UK, it does not lend itself to being an pocket American product such as is for the Hershey Bar.In the UK as in other nations where the Mars Bar is manufactured, there is some influence on the processes involved in its production by the legislative requirements of the swarm nation or other bodies such as the European Union. These relate in the main to food safety and trading standards legislation relating to the safety and standards that the Mars bar must meet in severalize to be sold to the consumer. Lately this has being more influenced by legislation that relates to advertising, such as the advertising of the product to children.Due to the nature of free market economies, free markets and the established nature of the Mars Bar with its global distribution net subject it is not felt that the Mars bar is overly influenced by external political factors.EconomicIn August last year the price of cocoa was threatening to flip-flop rocket as large swathes of the cocoa plantations in Papua New Guinea were infested by the Asian Moth. The region produces some 17% of the worlds cocoa. An infestation of a similar nature in Indonesia in 1998 caused some 13 million of damage. Mars were change to such an extent that they sent out their own team to help eradicate the infestation. Mars are continuing to test a number of anti moth measures. (www.metro.co.uk 2006).The recent business decision to begin producing and using animal based rennet in the Mars bar has been disastrous. The resulting back lash from consumers in the Islamic faith, vegetarians and those with a strong companionable view on the use of rennet extracted from the lining of a calfs stomach, has led to Mars making a U-turn on a business decision, apologising for its decision and giving an undertaking that they will return to producing a vegetarian product. Although this issue could be regarded as a social factor, it is in fact an issue of economics as Mars have determine the effect this decision would have on its sales (www.bbc.co.uk 2007).There has been a growth in the chocolate market, the majority of which has been with the high quality, high value products associated to some extent with the growth in disposable income crossways the developed world. The growth in the market has not necessarily had a positive effect on the sales of Mars due to the inexpensive and generic nature of the product. However, this inexpensive nature of the Mars Bar makes purchasing it an uncomplicated decision for consumers with no financial consequences that could lead the purchaser to regret making the fender decision to purchase a Mars bar or to restrict the quantity or frequence of purchases. The largest markets for Mars are generally the more affluent and developed markets with little room for growth such as UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.The emerging and developing markets of India and China with a combined population of nearly 2 Billion i ndividuals is a virtually untapped market of consumers. These markets would require a unique marketing strategy as although it has great potential, the regions are not known as great consumers of chocolate. Although a US product it is not known if the markets in India and China would take to it. For many geographic areas of both countries there would be concerns about refrigeration and chocolate melting, which would limit sales areas to main cities, and maybe bigger stores? however with the precede level of mutual trade and the worlds general love of all things western it may not be a cause for concern.Master foods itself is showing growth in profits with a 1.4 percentage point of market share gained up to June 2007.SocialThe most recent issue that has propeled the Mars bar has been the disastrous business decision to introduce the use of animal rennet as an atom in its chocolate the resulting backlash as discussed earlier not only from those with personal and lifestyle sensibili ties but also from those with a social conscience with regard to the treatment of animals This led to Master foods making a U turn on a business decision.The chocolate industry as a whole has been under a political and social spotlight as discussed earlier. Consumers are becoming more ethically aware and are questioning the practices of those associated with the production of cocoa. The industry was heavily criticised over the use of child slave labour. Master foods along with its two rivals Nestle and Cadbury do not perform well when examined for their ethical practices. What is the relationship between master Foods and Mars? I thought that Master Foods was a subsidiary of Mars, and Mars the chocolate brand is part of Mars the parent? Mars does not even feature on the league table of those products that are deemed ethical, although its fair to say that the ethical names on the list are not household names, either give some examples, then (www.ethiscore.org 2007)The Mars bar is not produced under a fair trade or ethical banner, thus depriving consumers of a choice. They have a choice they can buy Green and Blacks, or do without The market in ethical or fair-trade usually caters for the higher quality chocolates which are priced at a premium.With the continued affluent western lifestyle leading to degenerative obesity and ill health there has been a drive to improve the nutritional value of food and to reduce the quantity of high fat and high sugar food groups such as chocolates in our diets. Some members of the health and nutrition lobby are looking for draconian steps to be interpreted against the chocolate manufacturers to reduce their influence upon diets in a similar way that steps were taken against the tobacco industry. The chocolate industry has received threats about the banning of ads aimed at children and at peak times and on childrens television channels. Pre-empting this, Mars has declared that they are moving apart from targeting children wit h their product, a positive social action of their own (www.bbc.co.uk 2007).Any reduction in the use of Cocoa will ultimately affect some 26 million people around the world who are reliant upon the chocolate industry, which includes some six million cocoa farmers (www.mars.com 2007).TechnologicalTo improve cocoa production yields and to guarantee production levels for the future, Mars is investing in research to produce disease resistant cocoa trees to prevent such catastrophes such as the introduction of the disease Witches Broom which decimated the cocoa industry in Brazil in the 1990s. Should cocoa supplies be affected, the manufacturer with a guaranteed supply of good quality cocoa should corner the market at the expense of its competitors (www.mars.com 2007).LegalShould the lobbyists become successful in their campaigns to restrict advertising of chocolates or force changes to reduce fat and sugar content of chocolate or to have health warnings placed upon labels then this may not be through a voluntary code but through the introduction of legislation. This may vilify chocolate and make it as socially unacceptable as cigarettes, which may have a profound effect on sales.The safe production of chocolate and how it is presented for sale is governed at present by food safety and trading standards legislation, which is enacted by both national and European legislatures.EnvironmentalThere are large quantities of waste associated with the production of chocolate which includes waste chocolate product. Over the last five years the Mars manufacturing plant in Australia has reduced the amount of waste it sends to landfill by 90%. For every 3000 tonnes of product produced every month, 220 tonnes of waste is produced. This is now fed to piglets. The animal waste is collected as fertilizer and the gases produced by the fermenting animal waste is burnt and used to generate electricity. These initiatives are reducing the costs to the business. However any positives are offset by the amount of waste that is being produced across the entire industry and at all the other Mars plants. Mars is also working to reduce the quantity of charge card in its packaging, which it has already reduced by 10% (www.mars.com 2007).Get help with your leaven from our expert essay writersThere was some criticism aimed at the chocolate industry accusing it of being responsible for large swathes of deforestation which occurred to make way for the cultivation of cocoa plantations. However, over a generation the cocoa plantations have become diverse ecological systems of their own. (American Association for the Advancement of Science).Pressure is also mounting on many commercial enterprises including chocolate manufacturers to publish the carbon footprint of their product as society becomes more environmentally aware and wanting to know the affect on the environment that products they purchase have. Due to the raw ingredient coming from the far reaches of the planet and t he distribution required for both ingredients and product it is expected that chocolate will have a large carbon footprint compared to the relative inexpensive and mundane nature of the product. (www.telegrapgh.co.uk 2007).Analysis of Mars Marketing StrategiesScopeThis is an examination of the advertising employed by Mars to Market their Mars bar product within the United Kingdom. It consists of an examination of the TV and Cinema advertising employed by Mars from 1980 to date and will identify themes in the advertising which may indicate the market sectionalization strategies being employed.The publicizingsAdvertisement 1 http//www.youtube.com/ fancy?v=GXxR9cfB9_sThis advertisement which was used in the UK in 1986 features a combination of schoolboyish adults and children both male and female. It emphasises the quality and good value of the product and its goodness. It strongly suggests that it should be part of daily consumption and shows a Mars Bar in a luncheonbox. It identif ies the ingredients as milk, sugar, glucose and thick, thick chocolate and finishes with the tagline A Mars a day helps you work rest and playAdvertisement 2 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=125FCPnOxNYA TV advert dated C. late 80s. It features a fresh woman who is an energetic young news reporter trying to impress the boss. After a serial publication of dispiriting setbacks during the day, she pauses for a snack (of a Mars Bar) and then she gets the big break. The voiceover describes the contents of the Mars bar as milk, glucose, milk and thick, thick chocolate and the final tagline is A Mars a day helps you work rest and play The advert implies that the Mars Bar has beneficial effects in keeping high levels of slide fastener throughout the day.Advertisement 3 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5Z-utxJvqQThis TV advertisement was used by Mars in the UK in 1991. It features a well known British international athlete of the period, lance Elliot. He is shown running in the early morning i n an urban environment. He receives the admiring looks of the people he passes, which include the suggestion that he is attractive to the confrontation provoke. There is no voice over except at the end which lists the ingredients as milk, glucose, malt and thick, thick chocolate in a Mars.Mars is the revealed to be the Official snack food of the British Olympic team.Advertisement 4 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=UW4SIdXR8ksThis TV advertisement was used by Mars in 2006. It features a casually refined young man who buys a Mars Bar from a vending machine in a night time urban environment. He eats it as he walks through the streets. As he walks through the streets the lights turn on as he passes implying that the energy of his presence is doing this. He passes two women who give him admiring glances implying that he is attractive to women. There is no voiceover simply the music (Blue Monday by New Order) which is high energy. The Tagline is Mars gives you energyAdvertisement 5 http// www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZ_7NiAw3C8This TV advertisement used in 2006 exploits the World Cup of that year. It features a rabid male England football support singing a vociferation and leading an impromptu parade about his belief that England will win the World Cup. The product is not mentioned at all and is only suggested by Bill boards in the background featuring Mars Bars but with the word Mars replaced by Believe.Advertisement 6 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm7SGhoTXR4This is a 2007 advertisement featuring old footage of tennis player John McEnroe at Wimbledon. During the course of a match, he is doing badly and loses his temper. He eats a Mars bar and goes on to win. The final picture is of a Mars Bar with the words Work Rest Play printed underneath. There is no voiceover.Advertisement 7 http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQugCSk8yYcA 2006 advertisement starts with the caption Love on a Saturday Night with Mars. It features a young man kissing one girl goodbye as she leaves his hom e (presumably on a sunshine morning). She leaves. Immediately she has left another girl appears who he greets and invites inside. The tableau implies that he is successful with the opposite sex and that he has substantial reserves of energy. The final caption has the tagline Pleasure you cant measure.ThemesAn examination of the content of these advertisements reveals the following themesThe age range of all the protagonists is limited and generally does not exceed the age of 30 and does not include children. The only exception is in advertisement 1 which features older adults and children, which is chronologically the oldest.Of the seven advertisements, five have men as their major participants. The exceptions are advertisements 1 and 2 which are the oldest.There is an implication in each of the advertisements 2-7 that eating a Mars Bar assists in achieving success in some way. SpecificallyAd2- Success at workAd3- Success in sport, attractiveness to opposite sexAd4- Attractiveness t o opposite sexAd5- Success in free reinAd6- Success in SportAd7- Attractiveness to opposite sexThere has been a gradual change from Ad1 to Ad7 in moving away from the emphasis on ingredients and value for money. From Ad1 to Ad2 the ingredients listed drops sugar and replaces it with malt. By Ad4 the listing of ingredients is dropped altogether and does not appear again. every last(predicate) advertisements emphasise the importance of the product in giving energy.Market Segmentation AssumptionsUsing Jobbers schema of market partition criteria (Jobber, 2004, p213), the above can be analysed to identify Mars market segmentation strategy for the Mars Bar.Profile VariablesDemographic- The advertisements are aimed only at the young and vigorous and almost exclusively at males.Socio-Economic- The emphasis on young males would imply that the target group would not generally have large disposable incomes. However, there is not a clear emphasis on any socio-economic group.Geographic- Five of the seven advertisements feature primarily an urban environment. However, this is where the majority of the UK population live, so it should be expected.Psychographic VariablesLifestyle- The emphasis on the product giving energy would suggest that the product is aimed at people who have, or see themselves as having, a busy demanding lifestyle.Personality- The advertisements 2-7 all seem to associate the product with the striving for success. It is possible that the message is Winners eat Mars Bars and I am a winner.Behavioural Variables Benefits Sought- The clear benefit desire in all of the advertisements is that of a snack which provides an energy boost during the day. In addition, there has been a change in Mars assumption about the benefits sought from Ad1 (good value, large size, full of high calorie ingredients) to attendant advertisements when these are no longer seen as benefits because of concerns about diet.Purchase Occasion There is no clear evidence of Mars assump tions about purchase occasion after Ad1 which in its tagline implies that Mars Bars should be purchased daily.Purchase Behaviour- There is no clear evidence in the advertisements of Mars assumptions about purchase behaviour. exercise There is a clear implication from the advertisements 2-7 that Mars consider young males as the main consumers of bar chocolate.Perceptions, Values and Beliefs All the advertisements, seem to emphasise the importance of striving, hard work, competing and living for the moment. It can be fake that Mars are targeting those that share those values.Market SegmentationThe division of a market into different equal groups of consumers is known as market segmentation.Market segmentation correctly applied is about understanding the need of the customer and therefore, how they decide between one product to another. This insight is used to form groups of customers who share the same or very similar value criteria. A company is then able to determine which grou ps of customers is crush suited to serve and which product and service offers will both meet the needs of its makeed segments and outperform the competition.The first objective of segmentation therefore must be how to win and retain the customers you want to serve. The variables used for segmentation include Geographic variables Demographic variables psychographic variables and behavioural variables. We have applied these variables to the Mars Bar and in this report we will provide an insight into segmentation and how this relates to consumer purchasing behaviour.Todays consumer is more ethically and environmentally aware and environmentally aware than ever before and increasingly so with regard to the consumption of food and drink. In the media, on shelves, the focus on reducing our carbon footprint is constantly present and the concern to understand where our food is from is increasing.Customers segment themselves and take no notice of how companies segment their market when c hoosing between competing products and services, customers select the proposition that meets their needs better than any other. To win market share, therefore Masterfoods ensures that their offers meet these needs better than any other at a price they perceive as providing superior value for money (which does not necessarily mean it has to be the cheapest) in order to achieve this Masterfoods have made sure Mars Bar is available in any region of the world or the country.George Day (1980) describes a bottom- up set out in this approach you start with a single customer and then wee-wee on that profile Masterfoods initially aimed the Mars Bars at the active person who worked hard this was predominately aimed at the young male market. However this approach has changed and the company is now targeting females and the health conscious market- by making their chocolate bar lighter and encouraging people to see it as a snack, compared to a lunch replacement. The Bar itself is reasonably p riced it appeals to all due to its slick guide words pleasure you cannot measure. Discussions did take place to introduce rennet to the Mars Bars but this was quickly withdrawn due to pressure therefore this leads us to intend the consumer has power and religion and ethnic marketing has role to play in the demographic variable in market segmentation.The Mars Bar itself has been updated with new features such as a funkier typeface on the housecoat and a lighter whipped nougat filling. Mars bars used to be pretty challenging to chew but that familiar caramel- induced jaw ache will soon be forgotten, as Mars become even more like milky ways. The person that purchases a chocolate bar is often not thinking what chocolate he or she wants its due to the advertising and identification with the brand that leads the person to buy a particular bar of chocolate. Mars Bar at the start mentioned in its slogan work rest and play due to the changing life styles values, attitudes, personalities o f people Masterfoods have had to change their approach and now it has adopted pleasure you cannot measure this aims to reflect

The Friedrich Nietzsches Worldview Philosophy Essay

The Friedrich Nietzsches Worldview Philosophy Essay distri providedively soulfulness has a different vogue of perceiving and interpreting the world. It is his or her worldview that decides his perspective. gibe to Nancy Cavender, Basic background beliefs make up world views. World views ar like lenses that cause us to see the world in a particular way, or like filters through which we process our new ideas or information (26). Worldview not only influences the way someone thinks or sees the world, notwithstanding also his or her decisions. Therefore, mass dismiss figure out someones worldview establish on his or her actions, decisions, or ideas. Friedrich Nietzsche, one of the most influential German philosophers, has influenced, impacted, and brought forth new questions for many philosophers to follow. In one of his famous writings, religion as Anti-Nature, Nietzsche expresses the belief that the church building that represents morality negates the value of life and says no to all the desires of life. Based on Nietzsches words and ideas in the work, people croup realize that he has a controlling outlook on life.Nietzsche believes that to benefit a positive life, people eat up to live with their warmnesss. According to him, passions atomic number 18 roots of life which ar desires by nature. They are found in living things (702). These desires exist as part of who we are they define us in a way. They can aid us, and they can also psychic trauma us. When people embrace our desires, people acknowledge their positive sides and negative sides they dont entomb their evil and they have peace of mind in their life. Due to the disconfirming side of passion, on the contrary, churches that symbolize morality choose to remove passion to be out of suffering its consequence. As Nietzsche points out, The church fights passion with extirpation in every sense its practice, its cure, is castratism which means cutting off sensuality, p dislodgee, avarice, vin dictiveness (702). This implies that the church wants its followers to obey a series of negative enforcements or impossible rules which are a seducest their nature. In other words, the churchs method is take upting rid of the negative side of passion, the church ready accept to give up good side of passion, and the church wants people to hide their vice. Their method clearly is not successful. As Nietzsche declares that the extreme of the church reaches its climax only when such(prenominal) types lack even the firmness for this radical cure, which suggests that the more extreme the church becomes, the less successful it is (702). Nietzsche also points out the situation of the followers, The most unwholesome things against the senses have been said not by the impotent, nor by ascetics, but by the impossible ascetics, by those who really were in dire unavoidableness of macrocosm ascetics (702). This strongly supposes that its followers cannot conform to the set of morals or the rules of the church, not because they are powerless or effortless, but they know that they never can fulfill the impossible requirements. Moreover, it implies the followers are miserable and become mentally self-imposed slaves because they are kept in a perpetual produce of sin, which can only be remedied by the church. As Nietzsche shows, the churchs way fails because the pattern of morality which the church embodies is against the instincts of life (703). All Nietzsches illustrations of the negative method of the church imply that people cannot get a positive life until they are living under the naturalistic morality_the passions that he asserts to be kind of bouncing morality (703).Nietzsche also supposes that to live a positive life, people need to possess a power to conquer hindrance. As mentioned above, passions of a person also have negative side they can drag round their victim with the weight of stupidity (701). In order to harvest the benefits but avoid the stupidity o f the passion, Nietzsche suggests that people get over their obstructions by spiritualizing hostility, which he means a profound appreciation of the value of having enemies (702). This clearly implies that people need to possess power to resist their temptation and to tame it or redirect it in a constructive way. Furthermore, he emphasizes another subject matter of internal opposite, which means acting and thinking in the opposite way from that which has been the rule (702), such as the rule of the church or the institutions. This get out jock people liberate themselves from imposed rules or ideas from institutions, find a creative way to make decisions people need to make to get they want for their life or to make a difference for their life.Nietzsches positive worldview of life is also reflected in the attitude that people who embrace their admit nature need to have a tolerance view to their enemy or their difference. He claims that life contains a rich variety of ship canal of living, so people need to accept and respect those varieties. As Nietzsche states, We immoralists, have conversely, made room in our hearts for every kind of understanding, comprehending, and benediction (705). HeHe also claims that having an internal enemy will help people to stay young in spirit and open to gain comprehension and approval (705). when people can curb their weakness or their enemies, they will become stronger in spirit and feel pleased with themselves, and more importantly, gain freedom of the will which is the main factor to help us to succeed in life and gain happiness.In short,Life is not about whats right but whats wrong Think The Opposite from Paulo Ferreira

Calculating National Income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

scheming issue Income and Gross Domestic result ( make domestic product)1.0 conception of Task 1In trade union movement 1, this task be about the prudence of atomic number 63 and japan grow rapidly, this will increase evolution of authoritative Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States. The deuce-ace country direct their own market. japan is free market and the economy of the United States is the worlds biggest single subject economy.1.1 providence of JapanJapans industrialized and free-market economy. Japan is the ternary-largest country in the world. Japan economy is the highly efficient and competitory in areas linked to inter interior(a) trade, but productivity is lower and farthermost in protected areas such as distribution,agriculture and services. Japan have virtually natural resources, and trade helps Japan to earn the foreign exchange indispensable to purchase the raw materials for its economy. As the worldwide demand for its goods tumbled, the Ban k of Japan reported the real GDP harvesting of -5.5% in the final family of two hundred9. Japan recovered the slightly in year 2010 and reported the real GDP harvest-home of 4.4 percent.1.2 Economy of Japan United States (US) of GDPWhen the US economy slowdown or rebound, the comparisons to Japan seem to follow. Though the comparisons are debated, there has one idea which isnt is the idea that Japan has had a lost decade. The main info for supporting this is the Nikkei, which still hasnt returned to its 1990 peaks and Japanese GDP which has grown at a down measure for decades. Its deba postpone whether an equity of average moving from extreme overappraisal the territory to more reasonable valuations is a reflection of a stagnant economy. Whats not quite as debatable though is that growth of GDP has lagged the US. To hit appendix 1 .1.3 Economy of EuropeThe European Economy since 1945 is a convenience, broad and frank account of the extraordinary developing of Europes econom y since the end of World War II. Barry Eichengreen is an American economist. He argues that the continents of bill has been critical to its economic performance, and that it will be continue to so deviation forward.Economic growth was the facilitated by unite-centered trade unions, cohesiveness of employers associations, and growth tending(p) of governances for all legacies of Europes earlier history. For example, these institutions worked together to mobilize savings, finance enthronization, and stabilize wages.1.4 Economy of Europe United States (US) of GDPAccording to earlywarn (Stuart Staniford, 2012) showed that the graph about US and Europe real GDP of year cc7. Eurostat came out with the 4 design for GDP and, expected given the data stream of contractionary looking data out of the Europe lately. It showed a moderate of (0.3%) drop over the antecedent quarter. It was the contrast for both and it to the quite an stronger for US data. The level of real GDP for both eco nomies with both normalized to set Q4 of year 2007 to 100. The data are from Eurostat and the BEA. To extend to appendix 2.1.5 GDP of United States (US) The economy of the United States is the worlds biggest single interior(a) economy. The United States is a mixed economy and has maintained a enduring overall of GDP growth rate,a moderate unemployment rate, and the high levels of research and not bad(p) investment. Its have five largest trading partners are Canada, China, Japan, Mexico and Germany.According to UsaToday (Pual Davidson, 2014) showed that he nations gross domestic product in the last three months of year 2013 change magnitude at a 2.6% annual rate, up from the previous estimate of 2.4percent. Thats the governments third and final estimate of fourth-quarter of growth.The economy of US grew more briskly than the government previously estimated in the fourth quarter on stronger consumer of spending, among other factors. To refer appendix 3.1.6 Conclusion of Task 1In the closure of task 1, Europe and Japan both also will affect the US GDP. When the US economy slowdown or rebound, comparisons to Japan seem to follow. Europe and US GDP both are contrast for both and it to the rather stronger US data.The level of real GDP for both economies with both normalized.2.0 portal of Task 2In task 2 have A and B question. Question A are about the problem encounterd in figure the bailiwick income. Question B are about the table of Country Xanadu for year 2012.2.1 Task 2 (A) The Problems of Calculating the subject field Income.Accordig to Fahim Patel, the study Manager of guesspapers. shekels showed that the problems will faced while calculating the national income. on that point have some of the problems and the difficulties that are usually faced while calculating the national income are as follows. When calculating the national income, there is that what should be include and what excluded with the respect to the services and product produced. This i s one of the greatest difficulties of calculating the national income.Next problem is the calculation of the depreciation. The main cause of behind it is that because of both the amount and the composition of jour capital will change from time to time. There are no standard and concept rules of depreciation that can be applied. When depreciation is an estimate of correct deduction can be make until or unless these accurate depreciation estimates are not deducted from the estimate of net national product the net national income is bound to false.In amplification to, the treatment of the government also is the problem while calculating the national income. Government will have some expenditures such as the defiance and administration expenditure, social welfare expenditure, payment of interest on national debts and the miscellaneous development expenditure. The reality problem that is faced relates to which of the above should be included in the national income.Another problem is the income from foreign firms. This is the study problem of relates to the fact that are weather the income arising from the activities of the foreign firms operating in a country should be included in the countries national income or not. Besides, double counting also is the problem. The proper of care is required for calculating national income so that double counting may not hit the books place. This problem usually will continue in those countries where proper the funding or statistics are unavailable.Lastly is the value of inventories. It is not easy to point the value of raw materials, semi finished the product and finished the goods in the custody of producers there fore it creates some problems.2.2 Task 2 (B) The display board of Calculate from Country Xanadu 2012FormulaAnswer (RM)Gross Domestic Product at Market costPrivate consumption expenditures + Gross investment +Government consumption expenditure + (Exports Imports)900 + 1000 + 800 + (2000 1000) =3700Gross Mark et value at Market priceGross Domestic Price at Factor CostGross Domestic at Market Price + Subsidy Indirect taxation3700 + 200 500 = 3400Net National Product at Factor CostGross Domestic Price at Factor Cost + (Exports Imports) Depreciation3400 + (2000+ 1000) 200= 4200Net National Output at Market PriceGross Domestic at Market Price + Net factor income from foreign countries Depreciation3700 + 900 200 = 4400The Net InvestmentGross Investment Depreciation1000 200 = 800Corporate Profit2.3 Conclusion of Task 2In the conclusion of task 2, there have some problem will occur when calculating the national income. We have to avoid the the problem recurs again by more practice of the calculating the national income.ReferencesStaniford, S. (2012). Early Warning US vs EU GDP Growth. online Earlywarn.blogspot.com. useable at http//earlywarn.blogspot.com/2012/02/us-vs-eu-gdp-growth.htmlPatel, F. (2014). Difficulties Faced while Calculating National Income guesspapers.net. online Gue sspapers.net. Available at http//www.guesspapers.net/1337/difficulties-faced-while-calculating-national-income/Statista, (2014).United States Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate 2014 Statistic. online Available at http//www.statista.com/statistics/263614/gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-the-united-states/Murakami, Y., Patrick, H. and Yamamura, K. (1987). The Political economy of Japan. 1st ed. Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press.Neal, L. (2007). The economics of Europe and the European Union. 1st ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Stone, R. and Stone, G. (1962). National income and expenditure. 1st ed. Chicago quadrangle Books.Hiroyuki, O. (1992). Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth Strategic centering and the Economy in Japan. 1st ed. ebook Oxford, GBR Clarendon Press, p.203. Available at http//library.capital of Washington.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10274571p00=japan%20economyKemal, S. (2009). Measuring the Eco nomy GDP and NIPAs. 1st ed. ebook New York, NY, USA Nova, p.15. Available at http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10671149p00=united%20states%20gdpSteve, V. (2001). U.S. and Japan Relations in a Changing World. 1st ed. ebook Washington, DC, USA Brookings Institution Press, p.262. Available at http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10026222p00=japan%20united%20statesAppendixAppendix 1Appendix 2